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OUTLINE 



OF 



CHURCH HISTORY. 



BY JOHN F. HURST, D.D. 



REVISED EDITION. 



NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS 
CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & PYE 



lfl<\0Vi 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS. 


Two Copies 


Received 


JUL 1 


1903 


Copyright Entry 

CLASS CU XXfc. No. 

COPY B. 






\ 



according to Act of Congress, in tbo year 1876, lyf 
NELSON & PHILLIPS, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress at WashinsrUiT. 

Copyright by 

Joiia F. Hrr-st 

190b 



PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. 






In the present edition of the Outline of Church His- 
tory, an effort has been made to adapt it more fully to 
the needs of the student, of the teacher, and of the gen- 
eral reader, than were the former editions of the work. 
Some departments have been thoroughly changed. 
Dates, so far as they can be definitely or approximately 
known, have been assigned to the tables of the Church 
Fathers. The chapter in the first edition treating of the 
latest history of the Church has been canceled, and 
another, bringing down the history to the present year, 
has been substituted for it. The Survey op Missions 
has been entirely re- written, giving the latest progress 
in the foreign mission fields of the Church. An Index, 
which was not thought necessary in the first issue of the 
work, has been found, by the use of the volume, to be a 
real want, and has been supplied in the new edition. 

The first summary which we give below, the General 
Periods of Church History, should be carefully commit- 
ted to memory, to serve as a framework for the entire 
structure of Church History. The student will then 
have in mind a general survey of all the periods, in his- 
torical order, with exact dates defining the general di- 
visions. This synopsis is then to be elaborated by the 
use of the second summary, or Topical Table ; and this, 



4: Preface to the New Edition. 

again, by the body of the work ; and still further by 
the use of the best standards of Church History, such 
as Neander, Robertson, Gieseler, Schaff, Milman, and 
Mosheim, (last edition, London, 1863.) Instead of giv- 
ing questions, we prefer to leave them to be suggested 
by the wisdom and care of the teacher, and by the 
diligence of the student. Nothing but constant repeti- 
tion can fix the general facts of ecclesiastical history in 
the memory, and make them available for future service. 
We earnestly advise the invariable use of maps in con- 
nection with the History. It is one of the forms of 
object-teaching which never fails to produce the most 
gratifying results. The maps which we have given 
should be kept before the eye as much as may be. The 
student should draw on paper or the blackboard his 
own maps, descriptive of countries, of scenes of the- 
ological controversies, of the progress of evangelization, 
and of all great religious movements. In drawing a 
map, one should begin with a mere outline, and then fill 
up with all the important topographical features of the 
land. This will be an invaluable aid, both in accuracy 
and interest, to the study of all the ecclesiastical periods. 
To him who does it, it will be of more service than his 
possession of the masterly productions of Keith John- 
son, Petermann, Spruner, "Wiltzsch, Menke, and, indeed, 
of all the diagrams, plans, and maps produced by the 
world's masters in cartography. One learns most, after 
all, by what he does himself. 

Dbbw Theological Seminary, 
Madison, N. J., May 16, 1879, 



I. 

GENERAL PERIODS OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 
A. D. 30-750. 

Chapter I.— Founding of the Ohurch, and History of the Apostolic 
Period, to Death of Apostle John. A D. 30-101.. .Pages 11-13 

Chapter II. — State of the Church during the Apostolic Period. 
A.D. 30-101 13-16 

Chapter HL— From the Close of the Apostolio Period to the End of 
the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180 16-22 

Chapter IV. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from 
the Emperor Commodus to Constantino's Edict of Toleration. 
A D. 180-313 , 22-28 

Chapter V. — The Church united with the State — From Constan- 
tino's Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great A. D. 
313-440 28-31 

Chapter VI.— Age of Leo the Great—Supremacy of the Roman 
Church in the Westr-Oontinuance of Controversies— Mohammed- 
anism. A D. 440-590 31-34 

Chapter VIL— The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between 
the Church in the East and "West— Decline of the Eastern Church. 
A D. 590-750 34-39 

n. THE MEDIAEVAL PERIOD. 
A. D. 750-1517. 

Ohapihb L— Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark 
Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire — Hilde- 

brand. A D. 160-1198 39-42 

Chapter H.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272 43-44 

Chapter HI. — Reformatory Movements. A D. 1170-1457. . 45-47 



6 Outline History of the Church. 

Chapter IT.-Latter Period of the Dark Ages-The Age of Innc 
cent and the Councils-Dawn of Reform in the Church. A D 

1198-1517 

Pages 47-49 

HI. THE MODERN PERIOD. 
A. D. 1517-1880. 

Chapter I.-The Reformation -Wars of the Papacy and Prot- 
estantism-From Luther to the Peace of Weatphalia. A D 
1517-1648 ' ' 

Chapter H.-From the Peace of Weatphal'ia 'to'the We 8 ie y an 49 Ee 8 
vwal-The Period of Eeligioua Indifference and Awakenin K 
A. D. 1648-1739 K ' 

Chapter Ill.-Skepticism and Reaction -The' European' Cnur" 
from the Wesleyan Revival to the Present Time. A. D 
H39-1880 

Chapter IV.-The Chnrch in the United Statea-Chri'stianiivtato! 

nection with Republican Institutions. A. D. 1607-1880 70 76 
Chapter T._Most Recent Evente in the History of the' Church 

A. D. 1880 

Chapter VI.-General Survey of Missions.' A.' D.' 1880 ... .' ' " 80^96 
Chapter YII.-Religious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1880. . 96-101 



«♦•♦ — 



II. 

TOPICAL TABLE OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 

A. D. 30-750. 

Chapter I.-Founding of the Church, and History of the Apostolic 
Period, to Death of Apostle John. B. C. 30-101.-1. The Church 
-Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Organization, and First Per- 
secution ; 2. Missionary Journeys of Paul n 13 

Chapter H.-State of the Church during the' Apostolic' Period. 
A. D. 30-101.-1. Christian Life and Worship; 2. Propagation 



Outline History of the Church. 7 

of the Gospel ; 3. Controversies ; 4. Heretical Sects ; 5. Apolo- 
gies — Table of Apologists Pages 13-16 

Chapter III.— From the Close of the Apostolic Period to the End of 
the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180.— 1. Growth of the 
Church and Persecution of Christians ; 2. The Collection of the 
Canon; 3. Milder Measures — Renewal of Hostility; 4. Visita- 
tion of Martyrs 1 Graves — Intercommunion 16-22 

Chapter IY. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from 
the Emperor Commodus to Constantino's Edict of Toleration. 
A. D. 180-313. — 1. Christianity and Paganism in Final Conflict; 

2. Interpretation of the Scriptures — Theological Instruction; 

3. The Decian Persecution ; 4. Rise of Monasticism ; 5. The Sa- 
bellians; 6. The Lapsed. I. Table of Persecutions and Intervals 
of Peace, n. Church Fathers, to the Council of Nice. III. Her- 
esies and Sects of the First Three Centuries 22-28 

Chapter V. — The Church United with the State — From Constantino's 
Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great. A. D. 313-440. 
— 1. Toleration of Christianity; 2. Rise of Arianism; 3. The 
Nicene Council; 4. Spread of Christianity — The Empire and 
Christianity; 6. Monasticism; 7. Julian and Jovian; 8. Arianism 
— the Roman See; 9. Religious Life ; 10. Creeds; 11. Pelagian- 
ism— Abuses 28-31 

Chapter VI. — Age of Leo the Great — Supremacy of the Roman 
Church in the West — Continuance of Controversies — Moham- 
medanism. A. D. 440-590. — 1. Leo the Great — Controversy on 
the Nature of Christ ; 2. Capture of Rome ; 3. Downfall of the 
Western Roman Empire; 4. Eastern Empire — The Franks; 
6. Clerical Celibacy — Councils; 6. Mohammedanism; Roman 
Emperors 31-34 

Chapter VII. — The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between 
the Church in the East and West — Decline of the Eastern Church. 
A. D. 590-750.— 1. Gregory the Great; 2. Monothelite Contro- 
versy ; 3. Spread of the Gospel 34-39 



8 Outline History of the Church. 

H. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 
A.D. 700-1517. 

Ohaptbb I. — Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark 
Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire— Hilde- 
brand. A. D. 750-1198.— 1. The Middle Ages ; 2. Pepin; 3. Reig3 
of Charlemagne; 4. Controversies; 5. Alfred the Great; 6. Ruric 
— Schism between East and West ; 7. Spread of the Gospel — Cor- 
ruptions ; 8. Papal Pretensions ; 9. Norman Conquest ; 10. Hilde- 
brand ; 11. Henry IV. ; 12. Wealth of the Church . . .Pages 39-42 

Chapter II.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272.— 1. Cause of the Cru- 
sades ; 2. Order of Crusades ; 3. Benefits of the Crusades . . 43, 44 

Chapter III. — Reformatory Movements. A. D. 1170-1457. — 1. Ar- 
nold of Brescia ; 2. The Waldenses; 3. The Cathari and Albi- 
genses ; 4. Wicklif and the First English Reformers ; 5. Huss and 
his Followers; 6. Moravian Brethren; 7. The Mystics; 8. Savo- 
narola and his Politico-Religious Reform 45-47 

Chapter IY. — Latter Period of the Dark Ages— The Age of Inno- 
cent and the Councils — Dawn of Reform in the Church. A. D. 
1198-1517. — 1. Mendicant Orders ; 2. Beginning of the Inquisi- 
tion ; 3. Scholasticism ; 4. Thomists and Scotists ; 5. Climax of 
the Papacy — Schism; 6. Councils 47-49 

IIL THE MODERN PERIOD. 

A.D. 1517-1875. 

Chapter L — The Reformation — Wars of the Papacy and Protestant- 
ism — From Luther to the Peace of Westphalia. A. D. 1617- 
1648.— 1. The Reformation— Causes— Luther ; 2. German Re- 
formers ; 3. Swiss Reformers ; 4. Extension of the Reformation ; 
5. Order of Jesuits ; 6. The English Reformation ; 7. English Re- 
formers; 8. The Puritans ; 9. Arminius — Synod of Dort; 10. Per- 
secution of the Huguenots ; 11. Self-Defense of Rome ; 12. Thirty 
Years' War 49-58 

Chapter II. — From the Peace of Westphalia to the Wesleyan Reviv- 
al — The Period of Religious Indifference and Awakening. A. D. 



Outline Histoby of the Chuboh. 9 

1648-1739.— 1. Pietism; 2. English Deism; 3. Beplies to th* 
Deists; 4. Swedenborgianism ; 5. Missions to Foreign Countries ; 

6. Moravianism ; 7. "Wesley and English Methodism 58-61 

Ohaptee HE. — Skepticism and Beaction — The European Church from 

the ^Vesleyan Bevival to the Present Time. A. D. 1739-1880.— 
f . German Bationalism ; 2. Beplies to the Bationalists ; 3. State 
Church of Prussia ; 4. The Irvingites ; 5. The Tractarian Move- 
ment ; 6. Evangelical Alliance ; 7. Later History of Roman Cath- 
olicism; 8. The Old Catholics; 9. Franco-German War.. . 61-69 
Ohapteb IY. — The Church in the United States — Christianity in 
Connection with Bepublican Institutions. A.D. 1607-1880.— 
1. Beligious Character of American Colonization; 2. Periods ol 
American Church History ; 3. The Virginia Colony — Protestant 
Episcopal Church; 4. Reformed Episcopal Church; 5. The Puri- 
tans in America— Congregationalism ; 6. Reformed Church 

7. The Baptists ; 8. German Reformed Church ; 9. The Lutheran 
Church; 10. The Presbyterians; 11. The Methodists in Amer- 
ica, — General Summary of Methodists in 1874; 12. Roman Cath- 
olios 70-75 

Chapter V. — More recent Events in the History of the Church. A. D. 
1880. — 1. Union and Fraternity ; 2. Roman Catholicism ; 3. Bitu- 
alism ; 4. Premillennial Coming of Christ; 5. Church Trials; 6. Sun- 
day-School Instruction; 7. Bible Be vision ; 8. Berivals; 9. At- 
tacks on and Defense of Evangelical Truth ; 10. Present Condi- 
tion and Outlook of the Protestant Church in America. . . . 75-80 

Chapteb VI. — General Survey of Missions. A. D. 1880.— 1. Early 
Protestant Missions; 2. Great Societies; 3. Zeal for Missions; 
4. Besults; 6. Missions in Asia; 6. Christians in Turkey; 7. Af- 
rican Missions ; 8. Europe and America ; 9. Missions to Jews ; 
10. Statistics ; 11. Missionary Literature 80-96 

Chapter VIL— Beligious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1880.— L Gen- 
eral Creeds ; H. General Statistics of Christianity ; HI. Special 
Statistics — America ; Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; Australia, IV. De- 
nominational Statistics of the United States 96 101 



OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 



PART I. 

THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 
A. D. 30-750. 



CHAPTER I 



FOUNDING OF THE CHURCH, AND HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC 
PERIOD, TO THE DEATH OF THE APOSTLE JOHN. 



A. D. 30-101. 



1. The Church :— Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Or- 
ganization, and First Persecution. — The Christian Church 
is that body of believers who have been baptized in the 
name of Christ, who fully accept his doctrines, and who strive 
in good faith to live in harmony with them. The history 
of the Church is the record of the career of God's people, 
who have been in the main progressive, notwithstanding 
occasional unfaithfulness, abnormal developments, and the 
opposition of enemies. The Church, in its broadest sense, 
consists of true believers of all ages ; but the Christian Church 
was established by Christ himself, and consists only of his 
followers. 

Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost; conversion a. d. 
of 3,000 souls; daily increase of membership; the 30. 
numbers soon became 5,000; the Gospel, however, confined 
to Jerusalem. Great persecution at Jerusalem ; death of Ste- 
phen, the first martyr ; dispersion of the disciples throughout 
Judea, Samaria, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Syria. 

Conversion of Saul of Tarsus on his way to persecute A. d. 
the Christians in Damascus. Residence of three years 37. 
in Arabia ; long intervals probably passed in Damascus. Con* 



12 Outline Histoey of the Church. 

secration of Barnabas and Paul by the Holy Ghost to be apos- 
tles to the Gentiles, or the nations. 

2. Missionary Journeys of Paul — (1.) Pibst Missionary 
Journey op Paul. — He visited Seleucia, Island of Cyprus, 

A. d. Perga, Antioch in Asia Minor, Iconium, Lystra, 
45-46. Derbe, and returned to Antioch in Syria by way 
of Lystra, Iconium, Antioch in Asia Minor, Perga, Attalia. 
He then attended the assembly at Jerusalem. 

a. d. (2.) Second Missionary Journey op Paul. — He 
49-53. went through Syria, Cilicia, Phrygia, and Galatia. 
In obedience to a Divine call, when at Alexandria Troas, he 
crossed the iEgean Sea to Neapolis, whence he proceeded at 
once to Philippi. He here met with his first success on the 
continent of Europe. Conversion of Lydia. Paul then went 
through Amphipolis and Apollonia to Thessalonica, Berea, 
and Athens. He preached on Mars' Hill, and then went to 
Corinth, where he remained eighteen months. He afterward 
proceeded to Ephesus, and returned to Jerusalem by way of 
Caesarea. 

a. d. (3.) Third Missionary Journey op Paul. — He 
54-5§. visited the Churches in Galatia, Phrygia, and Ephe- 
sus, and journeyed through Macedonia and Illyricum. He 
then went by way of Assos, Mitylene, Chios, Samos, Trogyl- 
lium, Miletus, Coos, Rhodes, Patara, Cyprus, Tyre, PJole- 
mais, and Caesarea to Jerusalem. This was his fifth visit to 
Jerusalem. 

Arrest in the temple, and appeal to Caesar, 

A. d. Imprisonment in Caesarea. 
5§-60. Paul taken on board a ship bound for Rome, in the 
custody of a centurion. The vessel to which he was trans- 
ferred at Myra was wrecked at Malta, where he remained 
three months. He afterward set sail again, and landed at 
Puteoli, from which place he proceeded on foot toward Rome. 

a. d. Paul remained a prisoner in Rome two years, after 
61-63. which he was liberated. He then visited Crete, 
Macedonia, Corinth, Nicopolis, and Dalmatia; was arrested 
in Asia, and again brought to Rome a prisoner. 
A. d. Burning of the city of Rome by the Emperor Nero. 
64. Commencement of the first persecution of Christians 



Outline History of the Church. 13 

by Nero ; it lasted four years, and probably extended to the 
provinces. 

A popular rumor charged Nero with the burning of Borne, in order that he 
might rebuild it with greater magnificence. To repress the current rumor, 
the historian Tacitus declares that Nero took measures to have the Christians 
accused of the crime. He persecuted them with fearful violence. Many were 
crucified ; many were clothed in skins of wild beasts, that they might be torn to 

gieces by dogs; others, besmeared with combustible materials, were set up 
i Nero's garden and burned, to give light for the chariot races, in which the 
emperor took an active part as a common charioteer. Seneca, the last of the 
Stoic philosophers, in one of his epistles, describes the persecution thus : " Im- 
agine here a prison, crosses, and racks, and the hook, and a stake thrust through 
the body and coming out at the mouth, and the limbs torn by chariots pulling 
adverse ways, and that coat besmeared and interwoven with inflammable ma- 
terials, nutriment for fire, and whatever else in addition to these that cruelty 
has invented." — Epistle 14 

Beginning of the Jewish war, when the Christians in a. d. 
Jerusalem withdrew to Pella. Destruction of Jerusa- 66. 
salem under Titus; 1,100,000 Jews slain, and 90,000 a. d. 
sold into captivity. 70. 

The Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of a. d. 
John the Evangelist to Patmos, where he wrote the 95-96. 
Apocalypse. About this year John wrote his Gospel, a. d. 
thus completing the scriptural canon. Death of John. 101. 



CHAPTER II. 



STATE OF THE CHURCH DURING THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD. 
A. D. 30-101. 

1. Christian Life and Worship. — There were frequent 
assemblies of Christians, both by day and night. Property 
was held in common. There was great simplicity a. d. 
of worship, and the Lord's Supper was adminis- 30-101. 
tered at the close of the service. Agapce, or feasts of love, 
were celebrated at all the meetings. The Scriptures were 
read and' expounded, and psalms and hymns sung. There 
being no churches, the private houses were the places of 
meeting. Each flock had its pastor and deacon. The first 
day of the week was regarded as holy, in remembrance of 
the resurrection ; the Jewish Sabbath still observed, but not 
universally. Fasts occurred on Wednesdays and Fridays 
every week, and annually before the paschal festival ; dura- 



14 Outline History of the Church. 

tion of fasts and mode of observing them varied in different 
places. 

2. Propagation of the Gospel. — There was remarkable zeal 
in the dissemination of Christian truth. The example was set 
by the apostles themselves, but each Christian considered it 
his duty to desseminate the knowledge of Christianity when- 
ever possible. The entire Church communicated the Gospel. 
The principal Churches were at Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, and 
Alexandria. But there were also vigorous societies at Ephe- 
sus, Colosse, Laodicea, Thessalonica, Philippi, Corinth, 
Smyrna, Sardis, and on the island of Crete. The Gospel was 
confined to the middle and lower classes. The great commerce 
in the Mediterranean, and the fine military roads throughout 
the Roman Empire, were very favorable to the extension of 
Christianity and the intercommunion of Christians. Letters, 
sometimes personal, but often circular, were largely made 
use of, and were of great influence in strengthening and unit- 
ing the societies needing special care. Copies of the Script- 
ures were circulated as widely as was possible in an age 
prior to the invention of the art of printing. 

3. Controversies.— From frequent allusions, even in Paul's 
Epistles, we learn that the early Church, during the period 
of its greatest simplicity and purity, was not without disturb- 
ing members. Judaizing teachers, or " false apostles," were 
the authors of the first controversies. Antioch was the scene 
of the earliest disturbance, but dissension was produced in 
other sections notwithstanding Paul's explicit declarations 
and the decision of the Council at Jerusalem. Chief subjects 
of debate : Necessity of imposing the Mosaic Law upon the 
new converts from heathenism; doctrine of justification; 
covenant of Abraham ; use of meats offered to idols ; apostle- 
ship of Paul. 

4. Heretical Sects.— Even during the first century of the 
Christian Church there were certain sects who strove to ac- 
commodate Christianity to Oriental and Pagan philosophy. 
These continued in force about two centuries, and proved 
a great trial to the primitive Church, The most important 
of them were the Gnostics. Gnosticism was a combination 
of Oriental and Platonic philosophy with Judaism, together 



Outline History of the Church. 15 

mth some Christian elements. Christ was not accepted as 
divine, but only as an emanation of Deity. This heresy, 
though it arose some time before John's death, did not cul-» 
minate until much later. Saturninus, one of the leading 
Gnostics, held that creation was accomplished by seven 
angels; that the Saviour was man in appearance only; that 
celibacy and asceticism are obligatory; and that the Old 
Testament is of minor value. Basilides claimed that the 
world was created by an order of angels ; that there are two 
souls in man ; that Christ's soul did not suffer, only his body, 
the outward man; and that the Old Testament should be 
rejected. Carpocrates and his son Epiphanes maintained that 
there is no difference between right and wrong ; and that Jesus 
elevated himself to purity, not that he was pure originally. 

Valentinus went from Alexandria to Rome, and founded a 
Judaico-Gnostic school or sect. He held that God is a com- 
pound being ; Jesus was a man, on whom Christ descended ; 
the Holy Ghost is a divine attribute ; and there is no resurrec- 
tion. Cerdon taught that there are two principles and two 
Gods — one good and unknown, the father of Jesus, the other 
the creator, evil and known; Jesus was not born of Mary, 
and was flesh in appearance only ; the Old Testament and 
resurrection should be rejected. Marcion believed in two 
eternal principles — the one God, good and spiritual, the other 
material and evil. The Ophites were an anti-Jewish Gnostic 
sect, without admixture of Christian doctrine. They continued 
to the sixth century. 

There were various sects in addition to the Gnostics. . The 
chief Judaizing sects were the Nazarenes, Nicolaitans, Ebion- 
ites, and Cerinthians. The Montanists, from Montanus, who 
believed that the Holy Spirit made special revelations to him, 
pretended to an extraordinary degree of spiritual illumina- 
tion and power; they were ascetical, encouraged celibacy, 
and were pharisaical in their self -righteousness. For table of 
heresies of the first three centuries, see pp. 27, 28. 

5. Apologies. — The early Christian teachers adopted vig- 
orous measures to meet the objections to Christianity, and to 
reply to its foes. They wrote defenses, or, as they were 
called, apologies. The first was written in the second century. 



16 Outline History of the Church 



TABLE OP APOLOGISTS. 

Quadratus. Athenagoras. 

Aristides. Miltiades. 

Justin Martyr. Theophilus, (of Antioeh.) 

Melito, (of Sardis.) Tatian. 

Claudius Apollinaris. Hermias. 



CHAPTER III. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD TO THE END OB 

THE REIGN OP THE ANTONINES. 

A. D. 101-180. 

1. Growth of the Church and Persecution of Christians 
— The third persecution, under the Emperor Trajan. He 
a. d. enacted penal laws against the Christians. His was 
107. the first legal decree of a Roman Emperor against 
Christianity. 

Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, aided in the persecution of the Chris- 
tians, chiefly because they refused to assist in sacrificing to the gods, and in 
other heathen practices ; but he found them to be so numerous that he was 
appalled at the prospect of suppressing their faith, and wrote a celebrated letter 
to Traian, asking for advice. He said that he had not discovered any wicked- 
ness that the Christians were guilty of, nor any thing done by them contrary 
to the laws; only that, rising early, they sang a hymn to Christ; that they 
condemned adultery, murder, and all such crimes ; and that they acted in &li 
things according to the laws. Trajan replied that the Christians should not be 
sought for, but if any were brought before Pliny they should be punished. 
The letter of Pliny is a remarkable testimony to the great numbers and pure 
life of the Christians. 

a. d. Martyrdom of Ignatius at Rome. He wrote epistles 
115. from Smyrna to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, 
Romans, and from Troas to the Smyrnaeans, Philadelphians, 
and to Polycarp. Trajan pronounced sentence on him. 
a. d. Accession of Adrian to the throne. His reign is 
117. regarded as the period of the fourth persecution. No 
general persecution, however ; though there were oppressive 
measures at Rome. The pagan mobs frequently made attacks 
on the Christians. Adrian ordered that they should not be 
arrested on mere rumor. 

2. The Collection of the Canon. — Great attention was paid 
during the second century to the collecting of the sacred 
books into a canon. Most of the books of the New Testa- 



Outline History of the Church. 21 

ment were received in the Church as the rule of faith. Trans- 
lations made, especially into Syriac and Latin. 

3. Milder Measures.— Renewal of Hostility. a. d. 
— Reign of Antoninus Pius, distinguished by mild 13§-161. 
measures toward the Christians. They were persecuted, 
however, by subordinate officers and excited mobs. Public 
Calamities, such as earthquakes in Asia Minor, a famine, the 
overflowing of the Tiber, and great fires in Rome, Antioch, and 
Corinth, were attiibuted to them, and hence the popular f ury 
against them. Celsus wrote his book against the Christian 
religion. The emperor issued an order confirmatory of Adrian's, 
that no one should be persecuted for being a Christian unless 
charged with some offense. Polycarp visited Rome. 

Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus to A. d. 
the throne. Under Marcus Aurelius, "the philos- 161. 
opher," the Christians were subject to severe persecution. 
This may be called the fifth persecution. 

Lardner's three reasons for the hostility of Marcus Aurelius to Christianity : 
1. The Christians not only refused to join in the common worship of the heathen 
deities, bat were free in their reflections on the philosophers. 2. They outdid the 
Stoics themselves in patience under all kinds of suffering. 8. The emperor 
was a bigot in religion and philosophy. Still, Christians were made eligible to 
public offices under certain restrictions. 

Martyrdom of Justin Martyr. A. D. 165. 

Martyrdom of Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. a. d. 167. 

Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle, and was nearly ninety years 
old. Every effort was made to make him renounce his faith. While in the 
amphitheater, expecting execution, the pro-consul, Quadratus, said, " Swear and 
I will release thee— reproach Christ 1 " But Polycarp replied, " Eighty and six 
years do I serve him, and never hath he injured me ; and how can I blaspheme 
my King and Saviour ? " "I have wild beasts," said the persecutor. " Call 
them," replied the hero ; " I cannot change from good to evil ; it is good to 
change from sin to righteousness." " 1 will cause thee to be devoured by fire," 
continued Quadratus, " since thou despisest the beasts." Polycarp responded, 
" Thou threatenest the fire which burneth but for a time and is then extin- 
guished, for thou knowest not the fire of future judgment and of eternal pun- 
ishment reserved for the wicked. But why tarriest thou ? Bring what thou 
wilt!" He died in the midst of the flames, thanking God for the honor of 
sealing his faith by his blood. 

4. Visitation of Martyrs' Graves.— Intercoinnranion — 

A custom arose among Christians to commemorate the death 
of martyrs by meeting at their graves on the anniversaries of 
their death, and holding Divine worship, celebrating the 
Lord's Supper, and taking collections for the poor. 

Many Christians in Asia Minor removed to Gaul, (France,) 
and formed that remarkable bond of unity between the 
2 



22 Outline History of the Church. 

Church in these two countries. A fraternal letter of the Chris- 
tians in France, written during a period of great persecution 
to their brethren in Asia Minor, has come down to our times 
through Eusebius. Some regard it as the work of Irenaeus. 

During this persecution in Prance only Eoman citizens were granted death by 
the sword, while the rest were torn to pieces by wild beasts. The bodies were 
mutilated and then burned, and the ashes thrown into the Ehone. A certain Syin- 
porian was beheaded for refusing to fall before the car of the idol Cybele. Hia 
mother cried as he went to execution, " My son, my son, be steadfast; look up 
to Him who dwells In heaven. To-day thy life is not taken from thee but 
raised to a better." 

A. d. Bardesanes, after writing in defense of Christianity, 
170. went over to the Valentinians, and became the fore- 
runner of Manichaeism. Controversy concerning the time of 
keeping Easter, or the paschal feast ; the Church in the West 
contending that the observance should be on Sunday, or day 
of resurrection, and the East that it should be on Friday, or 
the passover. 
Evidence of the practice of infant baptism in the Church. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PERIOD OP THE GROWTH OP THE PERSECUTED CHURCH, PROM 
THE EMPEROR COMMODUS TO CONSTANTINE'S EDICT OP TOL- 
ERATION. 

A. D. 180-313. 

1. Christianity and Paganism in Final Conflict.— This 

was the closing period of the persecuted Church. The oppos- 
ing forces were massed, and every effort made to frustrate 
the new religion. Martyrdoms frequent, and of the most 
cruel character. Forms of conflict of the Church : 1. "With 
Greek and Roman heathenism. 2. With civil power. 3. With 
the popular faith. 4. With the philosophic culture of the 
times. But the progress of the Gospel was all the more rapid, 
though less noticeable by the public. Diffusion of Christian- 
ity through the whole Roman Empire, beyond its boundaries 
in Asia, and far into the north of Europe, through the irrup- 
tions of the German barbaric tribes into the Empire 
The Gospel preached in Ethiopia by Pantsen ns. 



Outline History of the Church. 98 

Commodus on the Eoman throne. During his reign, a. d. 
from A. D. 180-193, the persecution of the Christians 180. 
was less intense, the emperor caring but little for the national, 
or any other, religion. 

Beginning of important differences between the Church in 
the East and that in the West. Increase in the number of 
Church officers, and in the ascendancy of the hierarchical aris- 
tocracy. 

Clement the head of the catechetical school in Alexandria. 

Septimius Severus, emperor. Christians but little A. d. 
persecuted during the first six years of his reign. 193. 
Afterward, A. D. 201, he instituted a general persecution, 
which was especially severe. He forbade his- subjects from 
adopting either the Jewish or Christian religion. 

Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas, the former a noble lady, the latter a 
slave, but both sharing a common prison and death in the bonds of Christian 
love. The aged father of Perpetua tried to dissuade her from her faith, but 
neither he nor the love she bore her infant child could make her renounce it. 
Pointing to a vessel that lay on the ground, she said to her father, " Can I call 
this vessel what it is not ? " " No ! " he answered. " Neither," she replied, 
" can I call myself any thing but a Christian." Her child was torn from her, 
and she was cast into a dungeon, which, she said, "became a palace." When 
she and Felicitas were brought out into the amphitheater they were torn to 
pieces by the wild beast9, but embraced each other in the " mutual kiss of 
Christian love " just before their spirits departed. 

2. Interpretation of the Scriptures.— Theological In- 
struction. — The earliest commentators on the Scriptures lived 
during this period, and were Pantamus and Clement of 
Alexandria. Church of Carthage became very prominent; 
Tertullian stood at the head of it. There arose at Alexandria 
an important school of philosophy, which strove to separate 
truth from error in the Gnostic system. It fell into error it- 
self. Origen became the head of the catechetical school at 
Alexandria. The allegorical mode of interpretation prevailed 
there. Neoplatonism in opposition to Christianity. It spirit- 
ualized Greek and Oriental mythology, and applied it to 
Christianity ; it would substitute, however, intellectual intui- 
tions for both Christianity and paganism. Ammonius Saccas 
was one of its chief teachers. He is believed to have aban- 
doned Christianity at last. Plotinus his greatest disciple 

Death of Severus ; Caracalla and Geta, brothers, a. d. 
ioint emperors; the latter put to death by the former. 211. 
General toleration granted the Christians, but persecution in 



24 Outline History of the Church. 

certain localities. Massacre at Alexandria. Heliogabalus, 
3mperor in 218, attempted to establish the worship of the 
sun throughout the empire; offered no molestation to the 
Christians in particular. Alexander Severus, emperor A. D. 
222-235, favored Christianity, though the Christians were 
persecuted by some of his officers in certain localities. He 
placed a statue of Christ among his household gods. 

Fasting became more common, and greater value attached 
to it. First traces of churches, or distinct buildings, for 
Christian worship. Church councils grew in importance — not 
only bishops, but ministers, and even laymen, were members. 
A. D. Maxi minus, who murdered his predecessor, emperor. 
235. He inaugurated a partial persecution, aimed chiefly at 
the heads of the Church. Pontus and Cappadocia were the 
principal scenes of the persecution. The emperor put to 
death the bishops who had been friendly to his predecessor. 

There was universal peace in the Church under Gordian, 
emperor in 238. Succeeded by Philip the Arabian, 244. 
Important travels and writings of Origen. 

First traces of the Eoman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, Origen teaohlng, in 
harmony with the views of Plato, that the souls of all good men win pass 
through purgatorial fire. 

3. The Decian Persecution. — Decius became emperor, and 
commenced one of the two most barbarous of all the per- 
secutions. It extended throughout the Roman Empire. 
There was an imperial edict for the restoration of the State 
religion, while torture, banishment, and confiscation were the 
punishments inflicted on Christians. Bishops were put to 
death, and among the number was Fabianus, Bishop of Rome. 
Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Babylas, Bishop of Anti- 
och, died in prison. The most cruel measures were adopted. 
"The sword, the fire, wild beasts, hooks of steel, the 
wheel, red-hot iron chains, and whatever else would inflict 
pain, were brought into requisition." A rebellion in Mace 
donia and a Gothic war diverted the attention of Decius 
from the Christians. He died in battle against the Goths, 
A. D. 251. 

4. Rise of Monasticism.— Paul the Hermit, of Thebes, 
and other Christians, withdrew to the deserts of Egypt and 



Outline History of the Church. 25 

other retired places to avoid the persecution. Beginning of 
a great pestilence, which lasted fifteen years. 

Decius was succeeded by Gallus, who in turn was suc- 
ceeded by Valerian. The latter aimed to destroy Christianity 
by putting to death its leaders. In the fourth year of hia 
reign he issued an edict : " Let bishops, presbyters, and dea- 
cons at once be put to death." The aged Cyprian suffered 
martyrdom for refusing to sacrifice to idols. Many Christians 
sent to the mines. 

Gallienus, emperor. He restored to the Christians a. d. 
their burial grounds and property, and protected them 259. 
in their worship. Under him Christianity was first recognized 
by the State as a lawful religion. He was succeeded by Au- 
relian, a plebeian fire- worshiper, in 270. He was unfriendly to 
Christianity, but recognized the favorable edict of his prede- 
cessor. Murdered in 275. 

5. The Sabellians.— They denied the personality of the 
Son and Holy Ghost ; God is man's redeemer and sanctifier ; 
divinity of the Father resides in the Son, who had no separate 
existence before his appearance on earth. The sect existed 
at Rome and Alexandria until the fourth century. 

6. The Lapsed.— The Christians who did not withstand the 
persecution were called by various names. Those who, to 
save becoming martyrs, sacrificed at pagan altars, were called 
* * Sacrificati ; " those who burned incense in pagan worship, 
" Thurificati ; " and those who obtained from the pagan 
authorities a certificate, libellum, "Libellatici." There were 
intense agitation and discussion among Christians as to the 
proper mode of treating the lapsed. Some favored sever- 
ity, others lenity. The Novatian schism at Rome grew out 
of this question. Novatus was lax at Carthage, but was de- 
feated within the Church. 

Diocletian, emperor; Maximian taken as colleague. A. d. 
The persecution under him was the last, most violent, 2§4. 
and most wide-spread. He ordered that all Bibles should be 
burned, all Christian churches be pulled down, and all Chris- 
tians be deprived of rank and honor. A Christian of noble 
rank tore the proclamation to pieces, but was roasted for his 
act. All were tortured who refused to sacrifice to idols. Of 



26 Outline History of the Church. 

all the Roman Empire, only Gaul, Britain, and Spain, which 
were ruled by Constantius Chlorus, escaped persecution. 
A. D. Constantius, emperor. Born in Dacia, 274; his 
306. father, Constantius Chlorus, (the Sallow,) and his 
mother, Helena daughter of an innkeeper. He fought his 
way to the throne by patience and bravery in the wars in 
Egypt and Persia. Proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in 
Britain. In 308 there were six emperors dividing the Roman 
dominion. Finally the number was reduced to two, Con- 
fetantine in the East, and Licinius in the West. 

When Constantine was engaged in war with a rival emperor, Maxentius, he is 
said by the writers of the time to have seen the vision of a cross hnng in the 
sky, inscribed with the words, in the Greek language, " In this Conquer I " 
He gained the great victory of the Ked Eocks immediately afterward. The 
incident of the vision led him to accept Christianity, and ever afterward he 
carried the cross at the head of his troops. 



Table of Persecutions and Intervals of Peace. 

a.d. 

64-68. Persecution under Nero. Martyrdom of Paul. 
68-95. Interval of peace. 

95-96. Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of John to 
Patmos. 
96-104. Interval of peace. 

104-117. Persecution under Trajan. Martyrdom of Ignatius. 

117-161. Interval of peace. 

161-180. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius. Martyrdom of Poly- 
carp. 

180-200. Interval of peace. 

200-211. Persecution under Severus. 

211-250. Interval of peace, excepting 235-237, wheD there was a 
partial persecution under Maximums. 

250-253. Persecution under Decius. 

253-257. Interval of peace. 

257-260, Persecution under Valerian, with intervals of peace. 

260-30? Interval of peace, excepting 262, persecution in the East 
under Macrianus ; 275, persecution threatened under Au- 
relian. 

303-313, Persecution under Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximums. 

II. 

Church Fathers, to the Council of Nice. 
The term " Father " is applied to those early Christian 
writers who were regarded in their day as authorities in doc- 
trine and practice, and in whose writings we find the history, 



Outline History of the Church. 



27 



doctrines and traditions of the early Church. They are as 
follows : 

APOSTOLICAL FATHERS. 



Barnabas, died about A. D. 57 


Hennas, died about A. D. 150 


Clemens, 


" 100 


Polycarp, " 167 


Ignatius, 


u 117 






CHURCH 


FATHERS. 


Dionysius, died about A. D. 100 


Tertullian, died about A. D. 220 


Hermias, 


" 150 


Minutius Felix, " 225 


Justin Martyr, 


" 167 


Origen, " 254 


Tatian, 


" 176 


Cyprian, " 258 


Hegesippus, 


" 180 


Dionysius of Alexandria, " 265 


Theophilus, 


14 182 


Gregory Thaumaturgus, " 270 


Athenagoras, 


" 190 


Yictorinus, " 303 


Irenaeus, 


" 202 


Arnobius, " 326 


Hippolytus, 


" 210 


Lactantius, " 330 


Clemens of Alexandria, 220 





HL 

Heresies and Sects of the Flrst Three Centuries. 

FIRST CENTURY. 



Judaizing. 
Nazarenes. 
Ebionites. 
Nicolaitans. 



Gnostic, (Asiatic.) 
Simonians, (Simon Magus.) 
Menandrians. 
Corinthians, 
Docetse. 



Saturninus. 
Bardesanes. 



SECOND CENTURY. 

The Syrian Gnostics. 

Tatian. 
Severus. 



Cerdo. 
Marcion. 



The Asiatic Gnostics. 



Lucian, (or Lucan.) 
Apelles. 



Egyptian, or Alexandrian Gnostics. 

Valentinus. Ptolemaeus. 

Basilides. Secundus. 

Carpocrates. Marcus. 

Heracleon. Colobarsua. 



Sethians. 



Lesser Gnostic Sects. 
Cainites. 



Ophites, 



28 Outline History of the Church. 



Non-Oriental Heresies. 

Praxeas, and Patripassians. Millenarii, or Chiliasta 

Theodotus. Hermogenes. 

Artemon. Montanus. 

Prodicus. Elxai, or Elcesaitae, 
Antitecti. Helcesaitae. 

Alogians. # 

THIKD CENTURY. 

Heresies. 

Novatian, (Novatians.) Nepos. 

Novatus. Paul of Samosata, (Paul 
Beryllus. ianists.) 

Noetus. Manichaeans. 

Sabellius, (Patripassian.) Hierax, (Hieracites.) 

Schisms. 
Felicissimus. Novatus. 

Controversies. 
On the Lapsed. On Heretical Baptism. 



CHAPTER V. 



ZHE CHURCH UNITED WITH THE STATE. — FROM CONSTANTINE'S 
EDICT OP TOLERATION TO THE AGE OP LEO THE GREAT. 

A. D. 313-440. 

1. Toleration of Christianity. — Constantine and Licinins 
published an edict in favor of the full toleration of Christians. 
a., d. In the following year the emperors engaged in war 
31 3. with each other, when Licinius made peace on dis- 
advantageous terms. He persecuted the Christians in the 
East, and defended paganism. 

2. Rise of Arianism. — Arius, the founder of Arianism, 
held that Christ was created, and was not of the same sub- 
stance as the Father. He claimed that there was a time 
when Christ did not exist. Excommunication of Arius. 
Arianism at its height, and extended to the West, in the 
middle of the fourth century. 

3. The Nicene Council. — This was the first general council 



Outline History of the Church. 29 

of the Church, and was convened by Constantine, who was 
present in person. It was called chiefly to settle the a. d. 
Arian controversy. The doctrines of Arius were con- 325. 
demned as heretical, principally through the influence of 
Athanasius, a talented young deacon of Alexandria, 

4. Spread of Christianity. — Constantine sole emperor; 
*aws against paganism ; all Christians protected in their rights. 
One half of the Roman Empire in favor of Christianity. 
Many heatlien temples converted into churches. About one 
thousand bishops in the Eastern Church, and eight hundred 
in the Western. Great increase in religious ceremonies. Con- 
stantinople made the imperial residence. The clergy ex- 
empted from share in civil burdens. Arius restored as 
presbyter to Alexandria by Constantine. 

5. The Empire and Christianity.— Death of Con- a. d. 
stantine; was baptized shortly before his death; 337. 
buried in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople. 
Constantine II. and Constans, emperors in the West ; Con- 
stantius emperor in the East. Athanasius restored by Con- 
stans. Union between Church and State more intimate. 
The emperors convened and presided over the councils ; con- 
firmed their decrees ; enacted ecclesiastical laws themselves ; 
decided concerning heresies and controversies; appointed 
bishops ; inflicted ecclesiastical punishment. 

6. Monasticism. — Great increase of monasticism, though it 
spread much sooner and more rapidly in the East than the 
West. The monks divided into anchorites and coenobites. 
Nuns in Egypt. Death of Anthony, (the Great,) a celebrated 
promoter of monasticism. 

7. Julian and Jovian. — Coronation of Julian the a. d. 
Apostate. He renounced the Christian faith ; openly 361. 
endeavored to establish paganism ; wrote against Christian- 
ity : forbade Christians to teach the liberal arts and sciences ; 
commanded the Christian sects to be tolerant of each other ; 
took away the immunities from Christians. Succeeded by 
Jovian. Universal toleration under Valentinian I. in the 
West. Heathen superstition generally renounced by the 
educated classes. Adherents of the ancient faith now for the 
first time styled Pagani, or Pagans. 



SO Outline History of tee Church. 

8. Arianism.— The Roman See.— Reign of Theodosius L 
the Great, A. D. 379-395. Decline and fall of Arianism. 
a. d. The tenets maintained among barbarians — Vandals, 
379. Goths, Lombards — until middle of seventh century. 
Choral singing introduced by Ambrose. Latin translation 
of the Scriptures improved. Extension of the power of the 
Roman See. Doctrine of purgatory taught at beginning of 
fifth century, Augustine thinking Origen's view of the 
purification of souls by fire between death and the judgment 
in all probability correct. Extensive conversion of the Gauls ; 
great spread of the Gospel in Germany. 

9. Religious Life. — During this period the religious life of 
the Christians was, for the most part, pure and fervent. The 
effect of the persecutions had been salutary in promoting in- 
trospection and zeal, but the transition of Christianity to a 
State religion was calculated to give to religion, later, more of 
an external and secular character. The heresies caused the 
withdrawal of many who were cold and wayward. 

As a specimen of the conversions of the time, we give a Church Father's 
personal experience, in his own expressive language : " It appeared to me ex- 
tremely hard to be born again to a new life, and to become another man, stiU 
keeping the same body. How can one at once get rid of rooted and hardened 
habits, which arise either from nature itself, or from long custom ? . . . I often 
held converse thus with myself; but when tbe life-giving water had washed 
away the sins of my past life, and my cleansed heart had received light from on 
high and the heavenly Spirit, I was amazed how my doubts vanished away ; 
all was open, all was clear, and I found easy what appeared to me impossible ; 
namely, to acknowledge that whatsoever is born according to the flesh, and Uvea 
in crime, is of the earth ; and that whatsoever is enlivened by the Iloly Spirit 
cometh from God." — Ctpbian's Narrative of my Experience. 

10. Creeds. — The Apostles' Creed was the baptismal creed 
in the Roman and Italian Churches. The Mcene Creed was 
adopted by the universal Church, and was introduced, with 
the service of the eucharist, in the fifth and sixth centuries. 
Each Church possessed, and many exercised, the right of 
imposing its own liturgy by the adding of new rites and 
prayers. The present eucharistic service in the Church oi 
England resembles the ancient Gallican. 

In the fourth century there were four forms of administering the communion, 
though there was agreement in the main. 1. One form was common to the 
Churches in Judaea, Syria, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece. 2. Another in 
Egypt and Ethiopia. 8. A third in Ephesus, and afterward in Frame, Spain, 
and probably Britain. 4. A fourth in Rome, Italy, and Africa. 



Outline History of the Church. 31 

Death of Theodosius, and final division of the empire, a. d. 
Honorius emperor in the West, and Arcadius in the 395. 



11. Pelagianism.— Abuses.— Controversy between Pelagiua 
and Augustine. Pelagius denied the doctrine of original sin, 
the total corruption of the human nature, irresistible grace, 
and absolute decrees of election. Opposed by Augustine, who 
contended for all these. Pelagius taught his views at Rome. 
His system condemned by the Synods of Mylene and Car- 
thage. Semi-Pelagianism in Gaul. Period of violent contro- 
versy, pompous ceremonial, rising secular power, and growing 
corruption of the Church. General religious decline. In- 
creasing wealth in the Church. Only a few heathen temples 
remained ; the heathen excluded from posts of honor. 

Rome plundered by Alaric the Goth. Southern a. d. 
Italy conquered by him. 410. 

For six days the streets of Rome ran with the blood of its citizens. Eich booty 
was borne southward by Alaric's advancing troops. He died before passing 
over into Sicily at Cozenza, in Calabria. A river was turned aside to make a 
place in its bed for his grave, and when he was buried the water went into its 
former channel, and the prisoners who had buried him were slain, that no one 
might find out where the conqueror of Rome was buried. 



CHAPTER VI. 

AGE OF LEO THE GREAT. — SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH 
IN THE WEST. — CONTINUANCE OF CONTROVERSIES. — MOHAM- 
MEDANISM. 

A. D. 440-590. 

1. Leo the Great.— Controversy on the Natures of Christ. 
— Reign of Leo the Great, Bishop of Rome. He a. d. 
was distinguished for his extension of the power 440-461. 
of the Romish See, opposition to the claims of the patriarch 
of Constantinople, and successful defense of the orthodox 
faith against heretics and schismatics. Controversy on the 
union of the two natures in Christ. The Monophysites, or 
Eutychians, held that there was only one nature in Christ. 
Monophysitism condemned at the Council of Chalcedon. 

2. Capture of Rome. — Rome captured by the Van- a. d. 
dais under Genseric. The Vandals and Moors pillaged 465. 



32 Outline History of the Church. 

the city without mercy. Its finest works of art destroyed , 
its bronzes and silver and gold articles melted down. Treas- 
ure and captives carried over the sea to Carthage. 

3. Downfall of the Western Roman Empire.— Irruptions 
of the barbarians in the West very prejudicial to learning and 
the safety of the Christian missionaries. Various parts of 
central and eastern Europe overspread by the Sclavi. Great 
vices among the clergy. The oligarchy of the patriarchate 
of Rome gradually gave way to the monarchy of the Bishop 
Df Rome. Beginning of the application of the title 4 ' Pope " 
to the Bishop of Rome. 

4. Eastern Empire.— The Franks.— Justinian I. Emperor 
in the East. Reign, A. D. 527-565. Great power and suc- 
cess of the Eastern empire. Justinian destroyed the remnants 
of paganism in his empire. The Franks subdued the Alle- 
mani, Bavarians, and Thuringians. Establishment of mo- 
nastic rules and institutes by Benedict of Nursia. 

A. d. Rome taken by Belisarius. The city remained in 
535. the power of the Greeks until 541. 

5. Clerical Celibacy.— Councils.— Celibacy of the clergy 
supported by edicts of Justinian in 530, 536, and 541. Both 
East and West held councils, those in the East being on 
points of theological controversy, and those in the West on 
matters of ecclesiastical discipline. The Scots christianized 
by Columba, of Ireland. 

6. Mohammedanism. — Mohammed born at Mecca, Arabia, 
in 569 or 570. 1. He declared himself a prophet, 609 ; 
2. Fled to Medina, 622 ; 3. Founded a new religion, based 
on the Koran, (collected by Abu Bekr in 635,) which he 
wrote ; 4. Conquered all Arabia ; died from poison, 632. He 
was succeeded by Caliphs, who carried their victories over 
vast regions, until Egypt, Syria, Persia, North Africa, Asia 
Minor, Northern India, all Spain, and the south of France 
were under their dominion. Charles Martel arrested the prog- 
ress of the Mohammedans in western Europe by a victory at 
Tours, France, A. D. 732. According to the monkish legends, 
three hundred thousand Moslems were killed. While the 
number slain was greatly exaggerated, the victory was yet com- 
plete and perpetual. Mohammedanism still prevails in the 



Outline History of the Church. 



38 



northern half of Africa, Turkey in Europe, Arabia, Persia, 
the Holy Land, and Asia Minor. 

Six chief doctrines : 1. The one God. 2. Angels and archangels. 8. The Koran. 

4. The positive prophetical character of Mohammed and his successors. 

5. Resurrection and the general judgment. 6. God's absolute predetermination 
of good and evil. The four great duties are: 1. Prayer. 2. Almsgiving. 
8. Fasting. 4. Pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. 5. Polygamy. 6. Prohibi- 
tion to eat swine-meat. The ethical element is wanting in the Mohammedan 
system. 

Roman Emperors. 
From the beginning of the Christian era to the fall of the 
Roman empire : 

First Century. 



Augustus B. c. 13-14 

Tiberius 14 

Caligula 37 

Claudius 41 

Neio 54 

Galba 68 

Otho 69 



A.D. 

Vitellius 69 

Vespasian 69 

Titus 79 

Domitian 81 

Nerva 96 

Trajan 98 



Trajan 98 

Adrian 117 

Antoninus Pius 138 

Marcus Aurelius and L.Verus 161 



Second Century. 

Commodus 180 

Pertinax 193 

Severus 193 



Third Century. 



Caracalla and Geta 211 

Macrinus 217 

Heliogabalus 218 

Alexander Severus 222 

Maximinus 2'6l 

Gordian and bis son 237 

Balbinus and Pupienus 238 

Gordian the Younger 238 

Philip the Arabian. - .-. 244 

Decius 249 

Gallus and his son 251 

^EmUianus 253 

Valerian and his son ..<... 253 



Gallienus 260 

Claudius II 268 

Quintillus 270 

Aurelian 270 

Interregnum of nine months. 275 

Tacitus 275 

Florianus 276 

Probus 276 

Carus 282 

Carinus and Numerianus. . . . 283 

Diocletian 284 

Maximianu3 as colleague. . . . 286 



Constantius and Galerius 
Constantine the Great. . , 
Constantino the Great, as sole 
Emperor 323 



Fourth Century. 

Constantine II., Constaus, and 

Constantius II 337 

Julian the Apostate 361 

Jovianus 363 



305 
306 



84 



Outline History of the Church. 



Western Empire. 



A.D. 

Valentinian 364 

Grratian 367 



Valentinian H 375 

Honorius 395 



Eastern Empire. 

Valens 364 I Arcadius . . 

Theodosius 379 | 

Last Emperors of Rome. 



Honorius 395 

Valentinian III 425 

Maximus 455 

Avitus 456 

Majoriamus 457 

Libius Severus 461 



Anthemius 467 

Olybius 472 

Glycerius 473 

Julius Nepos 474 

Romulus Augustulus. . . 475, 476 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE AGE OF GREGORY THE GREAT — CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE 
CHURCH IN THE EAST AND WEST — DECLINE OF THE EAST- 
ERN CHURCH. 

A. D. 590-750. 

The countries of the West became a religious and political 
unity, while disintegration prevailed in the East, largely 
through the intrusion of Mohammedanism. In Europe the 
unity greatly promoted by the conversion of the Britons and 
the Germans. Growth of the worship of images and saints 
in the West. 

1. Gregory the Great.— Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome, 
A. D. 590-604. He called himself the "Servant of the serv- 
a. d. ants of our Lord." He magnified the pretensions of 
590. the Roman See; revised the ritual; established the 
mass; promoted monastic life and institutions; patronized 
church music and ceremonial observances; cultivated theo- 
logical literature, strict clerical discipline, and almsgiv- 
ing ; discouraged the liberal sciences ; and established 
purgatory as a positive doctrine. Gregory sent monks into 
Britain for the re-conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. He was 
incited to do so by the beauty of some English boys, whom he 
had seen in the Roman slave market. The mission conducted 
by the monk Augustine, first Archbishop of Canterbury. 




10 Longitude 



Outline History of the Church. 39 

2. Monothelite Controversy, — The Monothelite controver- 
sy arose from Heraclius asserting that there were in Christ but 
one will and one mode of operation. The Duothelites held to 
two wills in Christ, because of his two natures. Growth of 
papal power in the "West. Theodore, Bishop of Rome, as- 
sumed the title of Sovereign Pontiff. Ecclesiastical power 
predominated in the West, and civil in the East. 

3 Spread of the Gospel. — Complete conversion a. d. 
of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Chilian preached 67§. 
among the Franks, and Willibrord among the Dutch and 
Frisians. Winfr-id preached in Thuringia and Hesse. He was 
consecrated archbishop of Rome under the name of Boniface. 
Beginning of the violent controversy on the use of images, 
which distracted the Church one hundred and twenty years, 
until A. D. 842. 

Saxon translation of John's Gospel by the Vener- A. i#. 
able Bede. Death of Bede. Birth of Alcuin, the 734. 
teacher of Charlemagne. * Masses for the dead, the sick, 
and fine weather. Pilgrimages in high repute. Ecclesiasti- 
cal authority predominated over secular. 



PART II. 

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 
A. D. 750-1517. 



CHAPTER I. 



BEGINNING, PROGRESS. AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TIIE DARK 
AGES.— CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRE 
— HILDEBRAND. 

A. D. 750-1198. 

1. The Middle Ages. — This is about the time when a. d. 
the Middle Ages commenced, though the transition had 750, 
been going on nearly two centuries. They continued to the 
Reformation. The three leading achievements of this period 
were the full establishment of the papacy, the development 
of monastic orders, and, in the sphere of science, the growth 



4:0 Outline History of the Church. 

of scholasticism. The important political events marking the 
beginning of the mediaeval period are : 

1. The end of the Greek Exarchate in Italy, 752. 

2. Destruction of the Kingdom of the Lombards, 774. 

3. Organization of the Frank Empire under Pepin, and its alliance 
with the papacy. 

4. Rise of the new Germanic Church. 

5. Division of the Mohammedan Caliphate, 750. 

6. Decline of the Greek Empire. 

7. Development of the new Roman Empire of the "West. 

2. Pepin. — Reign of Pepin, king of the Franks, 753-768 
He was the first of the Oarlovingian dynasty of France which 
a. d. succeeded the Merovingian. He gave to the pope cer- 
752. tain territory lying between Ancona and the Po, stretch- 
ing to the Apennines. This was the beginning of the tempo- 
ral sovereignty of the papacy. At Pepin's death the southern 
part of his kingdom was inherited by his son Carloman, and 
the northern by Charles, or Charlemagne — Charles the Great. 

3. Reign of Charlemagne. — Charlemagne, first as partic- 
ipant in the general government, and finally as the emperor 
a. d. of the West. He reigned A. D. 768-814. He propa- 
768. gated Christianity among the Franks by force. Alcuin, 
his friend and adviser, commended milder measures, but to no 
purpose. He was sole emperor of the Franks A. D. 771. 
Carried on wars against the Saxons, Bohemians, and Huns. 
Gave increased grants of land to the papacy ; was, neverthe- 
less, acknowledged by the pope as supreme. Great patron 
of learning ; founded the University of Paris ; had the best 
books of theology, philosophy, and literature read to him; 
was himself a very diligent student, with Alcuin as teacher. 
He organized a revision and correction of the Latin version 
of the Scriptures. 

4. Controversies. — Rise of the Adoptian Controversy in 
Spain, that Christ is not the true Son of God, but, according 
a. d. to his human nature, Son of God only by adoption. 
787. This view was an accommodation to the prejudices of 
the Mohammedan inhabitants of Spain. Forgery of the false 
Isidorean decretals, granting important concessions to the 
papacy. The Aristotelian philosophy in high favor in the 
East. The establishment of transubstantiation — that the bread 



Outline History of the Church. 41 

and wine at the Lord's Supper became really the body and 
blood of Christ. 

5. Alfred the Great. — Birth of Alfred the Great, a. d. 
king of England. He reigned A. D. 871-901. After 848. 
defeating his great rivals, the Danes, he held undisturbed 
dominion. He fortified his country, developed the talents of 
his people, encouraged learning, established the University of 
Oxford, and became the author of a number of works. He 
translated the Psalms into Saxon, and published the works of 
Orosius, Bede, Boethius, and the Pastoral of Gregory. The 
first pre-Norinan period of English Church history begins with 
the mission of Augustine, and closes with the death of Alcuin 
at Tours, in France, 596-804. The second extends from Al- 
cuin to Dunstan, 804-928. The third covers the time from 
928-1066, or from Dunstan to the Norman conquest. 

6. Ruric— Schism between the East and the West.— Found- 
ing of the Russian monarchy by Ruric. Formal begin- A. d. 
ning of the schism between the Church in the East and 862. 
that in the West, 867. Chief grounds of failure of attempts 
at reconciliation : 1. Claim of Rome to be the final court of 
appeals. 2. Which Church should rule in East Illyria and in 
Bulgaria. 3. Doctrines and rites, filioque controversy, celib- 
acy, images. Final separation of the Eastern Church from 
the Western, A. D. 1054. 

7. Rapid Spread of the Gospel.— Corruptions.— The Hun- 
garians, Bulgarians, Bohemians, Moravians, Wends and Scan- 
dinavians, evangelized. Increasing superstition in southern 
Europe. Great assumptions of power over the kings by the 
pope ; in part successful. Worship of saints very extravagant. 
Great corruption of the papacy. The papal chair obtained 
by the most corrupt means. Continued struggles between 
the See of Rome and the emperors. 

8. Papal Pretensions. — Great increase of papal a. d. 
prerogatives after beginning of tenth century. Mon- 900. 
asteries exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and placed 
directly under the papacy. Power of the bishops declared 
to be derived from the pope alone. The pope claimed the 
prerogative to convene general councils. Appeals were taken 
from the councils to him. Learning at a low ebb 

3 



4:2 Outline History of the Church. 

A. D. Grants of Charlemagne to the pope confirmed by the 
963. emperor Otho. 

A. d. End of the Carlovingian, and foundation of the 
987. Capetian, dynasty. 

A. d. 9. Norman Conquest. — William of Normandy con- 
1066. quered England and founded a new dynasty. Harold, 
the last of the Saxon kings, defeated at Hastings. "William 
refused to do homage to the pope for his dominions. 

A. d. 10. Hildebrand — Reign of Pope Gregory VII., 
1073. (Hildebrand,) 1073-1085. He had controlled five 
popes before becoming one himself ; so soon as his plana 
were ripe he was elected by acclamation. He aimed to es- 
tablish a universal papal theocracy; endeavored to reform 
the clergy ; and claimed absolute dominion over all the States 
of Christendom, as successor of St. Peter and vicar of Christ 
on earth. 

11. Henry IV. — The emperor Henry IV., of Germany, re- 
fused to submit to Pope Gregory VII., and caused his depo- 
sition. The pope excommunicated him, and absolved the 
latter's subjects from allegiance. Henry then did penance, 
and submitted to the demands of Gregory, but afterward 
united with the Lombards in a war against him. Gregory 
again excommunicated Henry, and the latter set up another 
pope under the title of Clement HI. Henry besieged Rome 
three years, and gained possession. Rome recovered to 
Gregory by Robert Guiscan. Death of Gregory at Salerno. 
The dispute between the emperors and the popes continued 
long after the death of the immediate contestants. It was 
the beginning of a movement which really culminated in the 
Reformation of the sixteenth century. 

a. d. 12. Wealth and Territory of the Church.— Pro- 
1134. test of Arnold of Brescia against the papal enormities. 
Immense wealth of the Church ; its territories supposed to be 
about half of the empire. Beginning of the great straggle 
between the rival factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 
The fundamental doctrines conceded generally in the Church ; 
also, in addition thereto, papal authority, efficacy of indul- 
gences, transubstantiation, inexpediency of reading the Script- 
ures in the language of the people. 



Outline History of the Church. 43 



CHAPTER II. 

THE CBUSADES. 
A. D. 1096-1372. 

L Cause of the Crusades. — Owing to the oppressions of 
the Christians in Palestine, and especially of pilgrims thither, 
by the Mohammedan masters of the country, Western Europe 
began to agitate a crusade for the rescue of the land from 
their possession. They were inaugurated by Peter the Her- 
mit, of Amiens, France, who received a commission from the 
pope to preach in favor of them. He was heard with profound 
attention, and multitudes gathered about him. His person was 
regarded with sacred awe, and even the hairs of his head were 
gathered up as precious mementos. 

2. Order of the Crusades.— 1. First Crusade, A. D. 1096- 
1099. — Conducted by Walter the Penniless and Peter the 
Hermit; six armies engaged in the enterprise, 600,000 people 
in all. After the death of the first Crusaders there appeared 
the real warriors, under such leaders as Godfrey of Bouillon, 
Hugh the Great, Robert of Normandy, Tancred, Raymond of 
Toulouse. Capture of Jerusalem, July, 1098. Godfrey of 
Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. 

2. Second Crusade, A. D. 1147-1149.— Edessa captured by the 
Mohammedans, and Jerusalem threatened. Europe aroused 
by the eloquence of St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux. Two 
armies, consisting of 1,200,000 men, led by Louis VH., King 
of France, and Conrad HI., emperor of Germany. Failure; 
return of the fragments to Europe, after utter inability to 
reduce Damascus. 

3. Third Crusade, A. D. 1189-1192.— Kingdom of Jerusalem 
terminated, in 1187, by the capture of the city by Saladin, 
the aspirant to universal Mohammedan supremacy. Crusade 
under Frederic Barbarossa, of Germany; Philip Augustus, 
king of France ; and Richard Coeur de Lion, of England. 



4A Outline History of the Chuijch. 

Disunion among the Crusaders, but a treaty made with Sal- 
adin exempting the Christian pilgrims from taxes. 

4. Fourth Crusade, A. D. 1203. — Determined upon by Pope 
Innocent III. Christendom not in a condition to organize 
one. The beginnings of an army met at Venice, but nevei 
went to Palestine. Baldwin, Count of Flanders, leader. 
Some writers claim as the fourtn Crusade an expedition or- 
ganized in 1217 by Andrew II., of Hungary, who, supported 
by the kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, took a fortress and 
some forts on Mount Tabor, and returned home in 1218. 

5. The Boy Crusade, A. D. 1212. — Conducted by Stephen 
of Vend6me, a shepherd boy. He was followed by 30,000 
children of about twelve years of age. They set sail from 
Marseilles for Palestine in seven ships ; two wrecked ; the re- 
mainder reached Egypt, where the children were sold as 
slaves. 

6. Fifth Crusade, A. D. 1228, 1229.— Commenced by Fred- 
erick II., emperor of Germany. Terminated in ten years by a 
treaty between him and the Sultan of Egypt, when Palestine 
was ceded to the emperor, who returned to Germany. 

7. Sixth Crusade, A. D. 1248. — Palestine invaded by Turks 
in 1244; Jerusalem captured and pillaged. Crusade con- 
ducted by Louis IX., (St. Louis,) of France. Taken prisoner 
by the Sultan of Egypt, but ransomed, and restored to lib- 
erty in 1250. 

8. Seventh Crusade, A. D. 1270-1272.— First undertaken by 
St. Louis, of France, but after his death, in Tunis, conducted 
by Edward I., of England. Failure; return of Edward to 
England. The country in possession of the Mohammedans. 

3. Benefits oi the Crusades.— Union of the conflicting 
nations of Europe for a common good ; the equalization of 
the social classes ; development of maritime commerce ; inter- 
change of Eastern and Western thought ; introduction of 
Eastern arts and sciences into Em-ope ; growth of popular 
liberty in Europe ; organizations, such as the Knights of St. 
John, for the care of the wounded and sick. 



Outline History of the Church. 45 



chapter m. 

REFORMATORY MOVEMENTS. 
A. D. 1170-1457. 

1 Arnold of Brescia.— One of the earliest attempts at re- 
form was the protest of Arnold, of Brescia, in 1134, against 
the corruptions of the papacy. There was a deep-seated 
conviction in the most serious circles throughout the twelfth 
century, which continued until its development in the Refor- 
mation, that reform was necessary. 

2. The Waldenses. — They arose from Peter "Waldo, A. D, 
1170, a citizen of Lyons, who taught that the Church had 
become corrupt ; that the Gospel must be preached in sim- 
plicity and power; and that the Bible is its own best inter- 
preter, and the only infallible rule of life and doctrine. At 
first his followers were monks, but they developed into a 
distinct and pure community, which has continued in the 
Valleys of Piedmont to the present time. 

There is at present great activity In the Waldensian Church, owing to the 
freedom of Protestant efforts in Italy. There are sixteen Churches, or general 
congregations, connected with the organization— ten in Italy, six in Switzerland, 
and a strong colony in Rosario, a South American center of extreme Romanism. 
These local societies support an orphanage, two hospitals, a large number ol 
private schools, four higher schools and colleges, and a theological seminary. 
This last is situated in Florence, and has nineteen students. There are three 
journals and one theological magazine published by the Waldenses. In 1855 
the legislative body of the denomination organized a missionary force, a kind ol 
flying artillery, for working in Italy alone. These missionaries have now de- 
veloped into great strength, and combine many elements of the Methodist itin- 
erancy. The number of missionaries exceeds that of the regular pastors. The 
Waldensian day-schools in Italy are attended by 1,700 scholars, and there are 
thirty-eight Sunday-schools, with 1,142 scholars. About each of the sixteen 
Churches there is a group of smaller ones, which might be called preaching 
places, or small societies. For example, the Waldenses have actually in Italy 
thirty-eight societies, two of these being in Eome. The total membership is 
from 20,000 to 30,000, with 50 ordained ministers.— Cf. Annuaire de VEgliee 
Evangdique Vaudois, pour 1874. 

3. The Cathari and Albigenses, organizations of similar 
character, were likewise persecuted. The former held opin- 
ions of Manichaean tendency, and members were found in 
every European country. The Lateran Council of 1179 de- 
clared against them. The Albigenses were free from Mani- 
chaean sympathies. They became very strong, particularly 



4:6 Outline History of the Church. 

among the laboring classes; but were excommunicated by 

the papal officers, and violently treated. 

4. Wiclif and the First English Beformers— Birth of 
John Wiclif, of Oxford, England, A. D. 1324. He made his 
first great effort at reform in the Church in his work on the 
" Last Age of the Church," which, with his many other writings 
against prevalent abuses, had great influence in preparing the 
way for the Reformation. He began his translation of the 
Bible into English in 1380; died 1384. Other English re- 
formers: Cranmer, Colet, Latimer, Hooper, Ridley. 

5. Hnss and his Followers. — Birth of John Huss, oi 
Bohemia, A. D. 1373. He adopted the teachings contained 
in Wiclif's writings, which Jerome Faulfisch, (Jerome of 
Prague,) who had just returned from Oxford, had brought 
with him. Huss preached boldly against the corruptions and 
errors of the Romish Church. First imprisoned, and after- 
ward summoned to the Council of Constance. Condemned at 
this place, and, together with his writings, burned at the stake 
in 1415. Jerome was burned the following year. The Hussite 
war arose in Bohemia in consequence of the harsh treatment 
of the sympathizers with the views of Huss by the Roman 
Catholic authorities. 

6. Moravian Brethren.— Formation of the Church of the 
Bohemian (and Moravian) Brethren, A. D. 1457, from the 
remnant of the Hussites, or followers of Huss, who, since his 
death, had assumed somewhat of a political character. The 
Bohemian Brethren were afterward revived in the eighteenth 
century by Zinzendorf, and now exist as the Moravian Church. 

7. The Mystics. — About the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
tury a class of men called Mystics began to have great influ- 
ence in the Church. They opposed the subtle speculations 
of controversial writers, and laid great stress on the emotional 
nature and special communications of the Holy Spirit, The 
leaders were John Tauler, (died, 1361,) Henry Suso, (died, 
1465,) John Ruysbroek, (died, 1381,) Gerard Groot, (died, 
1384,) Radewin, (died, 1400,) Thomas a Kempis, (died, 1471.) 

8. Savonarola and his Politico-Religious Reform.— 
Jerome Savonarola preached in Florence against the abuses 
of Romanism, A. D. 1480-1497. His error was in combining 



Outline History of the Church. 47 

political measures with religious reform. He effected the 
downfall of the Medici, the ruling princely family ; suffered 
martyrdom in Florence in 1498. 



CHAPTER IV. 

LATTER PERIOD OP THE DARK AGES. — THE AGE OF INNOCENT 
AND THE COUNCILS. — DAWN OP REFORM IN THE CHURCH. 

A. O. 1198-1517. 

1. Mendicant Orders. — During this period monasticism 
reached its climax. For example, in France, the Abbacy of 
Clugny consisted of a separate Benedictine congregation, and 
grew to great proportions, standing in that country alone at 
the head of two thousand monasteries. The Carmelites in 
Italy were very numerous, and exerted great influence. The 
older Orders became secular and corrupt, and a number of 
mendicant Orders were established, not only as a reaction 
against the failure of the wealthy organizations to meet the 
spiritual exigencies of the times, but as a relief to the general 
dissoluteness of the Church. They were encouraged by the 
papacy, which, in turn, was strengthened by the Orders. Dur- 
ing the thirteenth century there was a rapid increase of them, 
and this diminished their power and significance. By the 
Council of Lyons they were reduced from twenty- three to 
four: Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Hermits of 
Augustine. The Beguins and Beghards were condemned and 
persecuted. A few of the communities still exist in Belgium 
alone. 

2. Beginning of the Inquisition.— The first in- a. d. 
quisitorial measure adopted by the Roman Catholics 1229. 
was at the fourth Lateran Council (1215), against a revival of 
the Albigenses. But the Synod of Toulouse (1229) was the 
first body to organize a regular Inquisition. All so-called 
heretics were hunted out with cruel persistence, and any 
Romanist who spared one was deprived of both office and 
property. Conrad of Marburg, the first Grand Inquisitor of 



48 Outline History of the Church. 

Germany, was slain by a German noble. Great contest be- 
tween the pope and the house of Hohenstaufen ; terminated 
in favor of the pope. 

3. Scholasticism. — Scholasticism arose in the schools con- 
nected with the cathedrals and monasteries, and consisted in 
the application of dialectics to Christian theology. The 
Schoolmen held that theology could be developed by specu 
lation, and that Christian truth could be made clear and 
forcible by logical analysis. The mediaeval universities were 
the centers of the scholastic disputations. The Schoolmen 
fell into two great divisions — the orthodox and skeptical. 
The writings of Aristotle underlay the whole scholastic sys- 
tem. The interpretation of the Scriptures was neglected in 
the Church during the supremacy of scholastic controversy. 

4. Thomists and Scotists.-— Thomas Aquinas teaching at 
Paris. Controversy between Thomists (from Thomas Aquinas) 
a. d. and Scotists, (from Duns Scotus,) the former adopt- 
1252. ing, in philosophy, the system of Aristotle, and, in 
theology, the views of Augustine on sin and grace ; the latter, 
the Platonic philosophy and the semi-Pelagian theology. The 
Thomists denied the immaculate conception of the Virgin 
Mary, while the Scotists assumed it. 

A. d. Development of educational interests in England. 

1257. Founding of the University of Cambridge. 

5. Climax of the Papacy.— Schism.— The papal dominion 
at its utmost height. In the midst of the temporal prosperity 

a. d. of Roman Catholicism the influence of France over 
1270. the papacy became supreme, Clement V., before his 
election, having formed a secret compact with Philip the Fair, 
of France. He removed the seat of the papacy to Avignon, 

a. d. France. The great schism in the papacy lasted nearly 
130§. seventy years, from 1309 to 1377, when Gregory XI. 
removed the papal court again to Rome. There were rival 
popes at Rome and Avignon. This whole period was marked 
by great dissoluteness. The Romanists call it their Baby- 
lonian Captivity. 

A. D. End of the Eastern, or Greek, empire. Constanti- 

1453. nople captured by the Turks under Mohammed II 
The Christians granted religious freedom. 



Outline History of the Churoh. 49 

6. Councils.— During the fifteenth century a large numbei 
of Church councils were held, some favoring a reform in the 
Church, and others bearing on the papal schism. Two of the 
most important were those at Constance, 1414, 1415 ; and at 
Basle, 1431-1437. Fruitless results of all the councils and of 
every attempt at reform in the Romish Church. The papacy 
remained purely temporal and corrupt, and the incumbents 
were more heathen than Christian in their morals and schemes. 

Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, a. d. 
He professed to be animated by a desire to propa- 1492. 
gate the Christian faith. Conquest of Granada, the last Mo- 
hammedan stronghold in Spain, by King Ferdinand. 



PART III. 

THE MODERN PERIOD. 
A. D. 1517-1880. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE REFORMATION. — WARS OP THE PAPACY AND PROTESTAIIT- 

ISM. — FROM LUTHER TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA. 

A. D. 1517-1648. 

1. The Reformation.— Causes.— Luther.— There were vari- 
ous causes contributing to the growth of the spirit of religious 
reform : Rise of Humanism, or the study of classical science, 
(Reuchlin, Colet, Erasmus, More ;) invention of the art of 
printing; discovery of America; growth of the desire for 
popular liberty ; increase of intelligence among the masses. 

Inauguration of the German Reformation by the a. d. 
publication of Luther's ninety-five theses. 1517. 

2. German Reformers. — 1. Luther.— Martin Luther was 
born at Eisleben, Germany, 1483 ; studied at Erfurt, 1501-4 ; 
taught at Wittenberg, 1508 ; visited Rome, 1511 ; published 
his theses, 151V ; burnt the pope's bull against him, 1520 ; sum- 
moned for defense to the Diet at Worms, 1521 ; published hia 



50 Outline History of the Church. 

translation of the New Testament, 1523; married Catharine 
von Bora, 1525 ; published a complete and thoroughly re- 
vised translation of the entire Bible in 1542; died at the 
place of his birth, 1546. 

2. Melanchthon. — Philip Melanchthon, the greatest theo- 
logian of the Reformation and coadjutor of Luther, born 
1497 ; taught at Tubingen University, 1514 ; called to Witten- 
berg, 1418; published his "Loci Theologici, 1 ' 1521; issued 
commentaries on the New Testament and parts of the Old ; 
framed the Augsburg Confession, which gave a doctrinal 
basis to the Reformation, 1 530 ; was long the trusted friend 
of Luther; died, 1560. 

3. Erasmus. — Erasmus, of Rotterdam, born in 1467. In his 
satirical work, " Praise of Folly, " he held up the abuses of 
Romanism to contempt, and contributed greatly to the prep- 
aration for the work of Luther. He revived the critical 
study of the Bible, especially the New Testament, for the 
first time since the patristic period. He often vacillated 
between Rome and Wittenberg ; general influence was favor- 
able to the Reformation. Died 1536. 

4. Princes. — Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony; his 
successor, John the Steadfast; and Philip of Hesse. The 
number of knights and other noblemen who joined the Prot- 
estant cause rapidly increased. Many of them were personal 
friends of the reformatory theologians. 

3. Swiss Reformers. — 1. Zwingli. — Ulric Zwingli, born v* 
1484, preached against the worship of the Virgin Mary at 
Einsiedeln, 1516 ; died, 1530. Bullinger was his successor. 

2. Calvin, — John Calvin, born in France, 1509 ; fled because 
of his Protestant principles to Basle, 1534 ; published his " Insti- 
tutes," 1536 ; lived in Geneva, 1536-1538 ; then banished, and 
resided in Strasburg, 1538-1541; returned to Geneva, 1541, 
and lived there until his death, 1564. Theodore Beza, born 
1519, died 1601, was his successor in extending and building 
up the Swiss Reformation. 

3. Farel— William Farel, born, 1489; native of the French 
A-lps ; pioneer of the Reformation in Dauphine and Switzer- 
land; a most intrepid assailant of the Roman Catholic 
Church; died, 1565. 




10 Longitude East 




20 Greenwich 



E.F.Fisk, Engr., N.Y. 



Outline History of the Church. 55 

4. Extension of the Reformation.— Rapid spread of the 
Reformation in the German countries, Switzerland, Holland, 
Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, Northern Italy, Poland, 
Hungary, and Transylvania. Persecution of the Protestants 
every-where, but most violent in Holland, France, and Italy. 
There were attempts at reform in Spain and Portugal, but of a 
transient character. 

Coronation of Charles V., Emperor of Germany, the A. d. 
great opponent of the Reformation. Pope Leo X. 1520. 
allied himself with him for the suppression of Protestantism. 

Formation at Nuremberg of the Catholic or Holy a. d. 
Alliance, a league between the emperor and the Ro- 1538. 
man Catholic princes against the Protestants for eleven years. 

5. Order of Jesuits. — Organization of the Society a. d. 
of Jesus, (Jesuits.) Ignatius Loyola, the first chief 1540 
of the Order. Its object was to support and promote the 
Roman Catholic religion by dividing and counteracting the 
growing Protestantism, and, by indefatigable missionary la- 
bors, to gain great territorial advantages. Francis Xavier, 
the greatest Jesuit missionary. The ethical creed of the 
Order: 1. The end sanctifies the means; 2. Probabilism 
3. Mental reservations ; 4. Distinction between philosophical 
and theological sins. 

Council of Trent, 1545-1563. The object of this a. d. 
council was to counteract the Reformation. 1545. 

Defeat of the Protestants at Miihlberg, and termination of 
the Schmalkaldic War, which had been entered upon a. d. 
by Luther's followers shortly after his death. Tedi- 1547. 
ous controversies in the Protestant Church of Germany and 
Switzerland succeeding the Reformation, and inducing a period 
of great religious decline. Among them were the Adiaphor- 
istic, Synergistic, and Crypto-Calvinistic controversies. 

6. The English Reformation.— Its commencement was 
connected with political affairs. Henry VIH., of England, 
became involved in difficulty with the pope, Clement VII., 
because of the latter's hesitation in declaring the king's mar- 
riage with Catharine of Arragon illegal. This was the begin- 
ning of the alienation of the royal family from the papacy. 
During Henry's reign Roman Catholicism lost its main hold 



56 Outline History of the Church. 

on England ; the pope's supremacy was rejected ; monasteries 
suppressed ; the Bible circulated in the language of the 
people ; a religious formulary adopted. Some Romish prac- 
tices and doctrines were, however, retained even at his death, 
such as the seven sacraments, the corporeal presence in the 
eucharist, denial of the cup to the laity, auricular confesuion, 
celibacy of the clergy, and nearly the whole ceremonial of 
the mass. Yet these were, in doctrine, eliminated from the 
English Church. 

7. English Reformers. — Ridley and Latimer, English re- 
formers, burnt at the stake at Oxford during the reign of 

A. d. Queen Mary, the successor of Edward VI., who had 
1555. followed Henry VIII. Cranmer suffered martyrdom 
in 1556. Mary persecuted the Protestants with great violence. 
John Rogers, burned at Smithfield, was the first victim ; then 
came Bishops Hooper and Ferrar, Dr. Rowland Taylor, 
Laurence Saunders, and others. Many leading reformers, 
at least one thousand, were exiled, some going to Stras- 
burg, others to Zurich, Geneva, and Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
Among them were Bishops Poinet, Barlow, Scory, Coverdale, 
and Bale. 

Under the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) Protestant- 
ism became established in England, though efforts were still 
made to reinstate Roman Catholicism. 

8. The Puritans.— The English Puritans, probably derived 
from Puritani, or Cathari, of the third century, dissented 
from certain forms and doctrines of the Church of England ; 
some inclined to the opinions of Luther, others to those of 
Calvin. They objected to many things in the Book of Com- 
mon Prayer ; to kneeling at the sacrament ; to the cross in the 
baptismal service ; to sponsors, and to lay baptism ; to bow- 
ing at the name of Jesus ; to the episcopacy, and forms of 
prayer. The English Puritans are represented in our day 
chiefly by the Independents, or Congregationalists. Landing 
of the Mayflower, with the first pilgrim colonists, one hun- 
dred and two in number, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. 
By 1648 there were 21,000 inhabitants, chiefly Puritan, in New 
England. 

During the former half of the sventeenth century the Crown 



Outline History of the Church. 57 

and Parliament of England were in perpetual conflict. At last 
the Presbyterians, and then the Independents, under Crom- 
well, gained possession of the realm. 

9. Arminius.— Synod of Dort.— James Arminius, bom 1560. 
He went in 1582 to Geneva, where he was instructed by Theo- 
dore Beza ; preacher at Amsterdam, 1588 ; professor at Ley- 
den, 1603; died, 1609. He rigidly opposed the predes- 
tinarian views of the Calvinists. He was falsely accused 
of Arianism and Pelagianism. He was an earnest defender 
of religious toleration; in fact, "the Arminians of Hol- 
land were the real fathers of religious toleration on the 
Continent; they were the first society of Protestants, who, 
when in possession of power, granted the same liberty of 
conscience for others which they claimed for themselves." 
Public conference between Arminius and Gomarus, 1609. 
After the death of the former his opinions spread rapidly. 
Uitenbogaard and Episcopius at the head of the Arminians. 
Arminian tenets began to prevail in England. Synod of 
Dort, in Holland, 1618, 1619. Its decrees strictly Calvinistic. 
Toleration was refused the Remonstrants until the death of 
Maurice, 1630. Its resolutions were adopted in portions of 
the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, 
but not by the Anglican Church. The provinces of Fries- 
land, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland, and Groningen rejected 
its decisions. 

10. Persecution of the Hugnenots. — Massacre of a. d. 
French Protestants (Huguenots) on St. Bartholomew's 1572. 
Night, at Paris; 70,000 people killed. Great rejoicings and 
public thanksgiving at Rome. Issue of the Edict of Nantes, 
1598, securing to the French Protestants the free exercise of 
their religion. 

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. The French Re- 
formers were then greatly persecuted; many put to death; 
multitudes driven into exile ; churches destroyed. 

The Gunpowder Plot in London, 1605, designed to pro- 
mote the interests of the Catholics. 

Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, the first English a. d 
town in North America, by the London Company. 1607 
The Dutch on Manhattan Island, (New York,) 1613. 



58 Outline History of the Church. 

11. Self-Defense of Rome.— Among the measures used by 
Rome at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the 
seventeenth centuries were the following: The Inquisition; 
prohibition and expurgation of books of Protestant pro- 
clivity ; missionaries, Jesuits, and congregations ; political in 
trigues. The outbreak of the long-suppressed social and 
political conflicts between Romanism and Protestantism was 
at hand. 

12. Thirty Years' War.— This was the first general European 
war. It arose chiefly from the conflicts between the Protest- 

a. d. ants and Catholics concerning the territorial 

1618-1648. distribution of the German empire. Parties: 
1. Catholics : The Emperor of Germany, The League, Spain, 
Belgium, Italy, and Poland. 2. Protestants: The Protestant 
States of Germany, Holland, England, Denmark, and Sweden. 
Gustavus Adolphus, the leader of the Protestant forces, fell at 
the battle of Lirtzen, 1631. In 1632 the Protestants were re- 
inforced by France, thus converting the war from a religious 
to a political one. By the Peace of Westphalia (1648) a large 
measure of power was transferred from the emperor of Ger- 
many to national diets ; the Peace of Augsburg (1552) and that 
of Passau (1555) were confirmed ; twenty-four Protestants were 
admitted to the imperial chamber ; Calvinists and Lutherans 
were placed on an equal footing; the equilibrium of Europe was 
effected by the destruction of the predominance of Austria ; 
and complete religious liberty was granted the Protestants. 



CHAPTER II. 

FROM THE PEACE OP WESTPHALIA TO THE WESLEYAN REVI- 
VAL. — THE PERIOD OF RELIGIOUS INDIFFERENCE AND 
AWAKENING. 

A. D. 1648-1739. 

At the close of the Thirty Years' War there was moral 
and material prostration throughout Germany. Poverty pre- 
vailed on all sides ; desperation was the chief sentiment of 
the popular mind. 



Outline History of the Church. 59 

1. Pietism. — The first great movement in Protestant Ger- 
many that indicated religious revival was inaugurated by 
Bpener, (born in 1635,) the founder of Pietism. He established 
the popular interpretation of the Scriptures, lay preaching 
Bible classes, and smaller circles of religious people for edifi- 
cation— ecclesiolce in ecclesia. A. H. Francke, founder of the 
Orphan House at Halle, and Professor in the new University 
of the same city, was his successor. 

2. English Deism.— Death of Thomas Hobbes, a. d. 
the most voluminous writer of the English Deistical 1679. 
school. He argued that might constitutes right, and that 
Christianity is a fable. Other Deists : Lord Herbert, (died, 
1648;) Charles Blount, (died, 1697;) Earl of Shaftesbury, 
(died, 1713;) Toland, (died, 1722;) Wollaston, (died, 1724;) 
Collins, (died, 1729;) Mandeville, (died, 1733;) Woolston, 
(died, 1733;) Tindal, (died, 1733;) Morgan, (died, 1743;) 
Chubb, (died, 1747 ;) Lord Bolingbroke, (died, 1751 ;) Hume, 
(died, 1766;) Gibbon, (died, 1794.) 

3. Replies to the Deists.— Important replies to the De 
ists were written by Stillingfleet, Baxter, Cudworth, Taylor, 
Bentley, Sherlock, Chandler, Stackhouse, Waterland, Leland, 
Conybeare, Bishop Butler, Paley, Leslie, and Bishop 
Watson, ("Apology for the Bible.") Many of the replies, 
however, were very feeble, contained serious concessions, 
and were actually injurious to the cause they were designed 
to promote. Bishop Butler's was by far the best, and its 
service was of incalculable magnitude. 

The English Revolution. William and Mary on a. d. 
the English throne. 16§8. 

4. Swedenborgiailism. — Birth of Swedenborg, ,1688,) 
founder of the New Jerusalem Church, or Swedenborgians. 
The first period of his life was occupied in scientific pursuits, 
and was in the employ of the Swedish Government as super- 
intendent of mines. Relinquishing these studies, he engaged 
solely in religious speculations. He professed to have inter- 
course with the spiritual world, and gave minute descriptions 
of it ; distinguished between the Divine Word and Scripture, 
the spirit and the letter ; he claimed that the epistles of Paul, 
Peter, James, and John lack the Divine sense. 



60 Outline History of the Ohukch. 

5. Missions to Foreign Countries.— The Dutch, who had 
an extensive commerce in the East Indies, established missions 

a. d. in Ceylon and Java. The Danes founded a mission 
1697. on the coast of Tranquebar, in the East Indies. The 
Roman Catholics hoped, by inaugurating missions, to regain 
the territorial control which they had lost in Europe by Prot- 
estantism; they sent missionaries to all the lands formerly 
occupied by the Eastern Church, and to China, Japan, Africa, 
and South America. 

6. Moravianism. — Founding of the Moravian Church, oi 
United Brethren, by Count Zinzendorf, born in Saxony, 1700. 

a. d. He traveled through Europe and in America to bind 
1722. together dispersed Christians. He died in 1760. The 
Moravians established missions early in various lands : in 
Greenland in 1722, and, in ten years, others in Africa and the 
East and West Indies. 

7. Wesley, and English Methodism.— General religious 
decline in England. French frivolity and native Deism 
prevailed in the upper classes; the lower were vicious and 
aeglected. The clergy were ungodly. Reform took place 

a. d. through the Wesley an movement. Organization of 
1739. the British Wesleyan Church. Birth of John Wes- 
ley, the founder of Methodism, at Epworth, England, in 1703. 
He began his studies at Oxford in 1729, and became a Fellow 
there ; labored among the poor and neglected, and was at the 
head of a small society of pious young men, called, in con- 
tempt, the "Holy Club," of which his brother Charles and 
George Whitefield were members. He went to Georgia as a mis- 
sionary in 1735, and returned in two years to England ; was 
converted through the influence of Jacob Bonier, a Moravian, 
in 1738, and founded the first Methodist society in the fol- 
lowing year. The societies multiplied rapidly, though the 
use of the churches of the Establishment was denied John 
Wesley, Whitefield, and their coadjutors. John Wesley died 
in 1791. While both the brothers wrote many hymns,' Charles 
Wesley's chief contribution to the growth of Methodism lay 
in this department. He was born 1708, and died 1788. 
George Whitefield, born 1714, died 1770. John Fletcher, 
born 1729, died 1785. The last was the leading contro- 



Outline History of the Chukch. 61 

rersial writer in early Methodist history. Joseph Benson, 
preacher and commentator, born 1748, died 1821. Adam 
Clarke, the chief commentator and linguist of Methodism, 
born 1762, died 1832. Richard Watson, born 1781, and died 
in 1838. He was the author of the doctrinal standard of 
Methodism, the "Theological Institutes." 



CHAPTER III. 

skepticism: and reaction. — the European church from 
the wesleyan revival to the present time. 

A. D. 1739-1880. 

The latest period of the history of the European Church 
has been distinguished by remarkable movements. The 
skepticism of Germany, French atheism, Dutch pantheism, 
and English deism, affected every class of society and each 
department of thought and life. The French Revolution of 
1789, violent as it was, was the means by which feudalism 
was first swept away from Europe. Though the immediate 
effect was the production of the centralized Napoleonic su- 
premacy, the remote result was the increase of popular liberty 
in the various countries. The old doctrine of the divine right 
of kings fully lost its hold. The last series of wars began 
with the Crimean "War — one of the greatest blunders and most 
unnecessary conflicts in modern history — and terminated with 
the late war between Germany and France, and the fall of 
the French Empire. 

1. German Rationalism. — Rationalism is a. d. 

that tendency of thought which makes the 1750-1800. 
reason the sole umpire in all matters of faith. The philoso- 
phy of Leibnitz and Wolf, strengthened by that of Descartes 
and Spinoza, gave German Rationalism its first philosophical 
basis. It was strengthened and endowed with a grosser type 
of onbelief by the Frenchmen Bayle, Montesquieu, Baron 
d'Holbach, Rousseau, and Voltaire. The court of Frederick 
the Great of Prussia exerted a skeptical influence upon the 
whole of Europe. Semler, born 1721, died 1791, became 
4 



c>2 Outline History of the Church. 

Professor of Theology in Halle in 1751. He was the real 
founder of German Rationalism in its relation to theology. 
Other promoters of Rationalism were Ernesti, Baumgarten, 
Morus, Eichhorn, and Bahrdt. It continued in full force until 
Schleiermacher, (born 1768, died 1834,) who marked the 
transition from the old infidelity to moderate orthodoxy. 
Neander, the Church historian, was the initial character of 
the new evangelical period. Strauss and the Tubingen school 
have been the agents of a revival of Rationalism in Germany. 
Strauss' Life of Jesus, published in 1835, was an attempt to 
dissolve the whole career of Christ into myth. His latest 
work, "The Old and the New Faith," is the boldest skep- 
tical production of his life. He died in 1874. The incon- 
sistent and gloomy creed of Strauss, as expressed by him 
in his latest production, is well described as follows by the 
Rev. B. P. Bowne :— 

1. I believe there is no God. 2. I believe there is no soul. 3. I believe that 
religion springs from selfish fear. 4. I believe that such a religion can develop 
the loftiest and most unselfish lives. 5. I believe in the cosmos, which is at 
once a product of blind necessity and also free ; which is nothing but matter, 
yet has aims, plans, reason ; which seeks to transcend itself, and actually suc- 
ceeds. 6. I believe that man is a product of necessity, and that he ought to 
rule the nature which governs him. I believe that he cannot do otherwise than 
he does, but that he ought to do otherwise. I believe that the cosmos is a 
machine, and that man ought to resign himself with loving trust and sub- 
mission to it. 7. I believe that art is more than an equivalent for the Bible. 
8. I believe that all who are not satisfied with these teachings are low in the 
mental and moral scale. 9. I believe that cause and effect are one; as, 
otherwise, I should be under the disagreeable necessity of believing in God. 

The German Protestant Association, headed by Schenkel 
of Heidelberg, is a new organization of skeptics within the 
German Church. Their only good service is a persistent 
effort to divorce Church and State in the German empire. 
The tendencies of German Rationalism are at present mate 
rialistic, and, as before, pantheistic. 

2. Replies to the Rationalists. — The chief Continental re- 
plies are by Neander, Tholuck, Nitzsch, Ullmann, Riggenbach, 
Van Oosterzee, Dorner, Lange, Pressense, and others. Some 
of their works have been translated into English. These re- 
plies to the rationalistic writers constitute the strongest apol 
ogetical literature of the Church since the fourth century, 
and are of invaluable worth to Christian theology. The main 
point of attack and defense is the Gospel history. 




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Outline History of the Church. 67 

German War of Liberation from the suprem- a. d. 

acy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Battle of Water- 1813-1815. 
loo, and restoration of Louis XV1H. to the French throne. 

3. State Church of Prussia. — The Evangelical a. d. 
Union established in Prussia. This is the Protest- 1817. 
ant State Church of that country, and consists of an accom- 
modation, or union, of the Reformed, or Calvinistic, with the 
Lutheran bodies, which had hitherto existed separately. 

4. The Irvingites. — A sect founded by Edward a. d. 
Irving, (born 1702, died 1834,) of Scotland. He 1832. 
preached in the Caledonian Chapel in London ; founded his 
Society (the Irvingites) in 1832. He was a preacher of rare 
gifts; believed in special endowments of the Spirit, such as 
the gift of tongues; and contended for the renewal of the 
supposed apostolic offices in the Church. There is a feeble 
body of Irvingites in Germany. 

5. The Tractarian Movement.— Between 1833 and a. d. 
1841 there was published at Oxford, England, a series 1833. 
of tracts, which gave rise to the Tractarian movement, or 
High-Church party, in the later history of the Church of 
England. It culminated in Tract No. 90, by J. H. Newman, 
who subsequently became a pervert to Romanism. Pusey, 
Keble, and Newman were the Tractarian leaders. The double 
effect of the movement has been to cause many members of 
the Established Church either to become Roman Catholics, 
or, remaining in their own fold, to become extreme ritualists. 

The secessions to Rome in 1850-51 were over one hundred 
clergymen ; in 1852 there were over two hundred clergy, and 
as many laity. The present distinctions in the Church of 
England may be denned as follows : High-Church, (ritualistic, 
Puseyite) ; Low-Church, (Evangelical and active) ; First Broad- 
Church, (moderately rationalistic) ; Second Broad-Church, (re- 
jecting authority, thoroughly rationalistic.) 

6. Evangelical Alliance. — Formation of the Evan- a. d. 
gelical Alliance in London. All Evangelical Churches 1846. 
represented in it. The last general session held in Basle, 
Switzerland, September, 1879. The following is the doctri- 
nal basis of the Society : — 

1. The Divine inspiration, authority, and sufficiency of the 



68 Outline History of the Church. 

Holy Scriptures. 2. Right and duty of private judgment in 
interpretation of the holy Scriptures. 3. Unity of the God- 
head, and trinity of the persons therein. 4. Depravity oi 
human nature in consequence of the Fall. 5. Incarnation of 
the Son of God ; his work of atonement for sinners and man- 
kind, and his mediatorial intercession and reign. 6. Justifi- 
cation of sinners by faith alone. 7. Work of the Holy Spirit 
in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner. 8. Immor- 
tality of the soul, resurrection of the body, judgment of the 
world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness 
of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked. 
9. Divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obli- 
gation and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the 
Lord's Supper. 

7. Later History of Roman Catholicism. — Declaration by 
Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. 

A. d. The controversy on this subject began in the Romish 
1854. Church in 1140, and it has not yet ceased. The Jan- 
senist Bishops united in a protest against the dogma, in 1856. 

a. d. The Vatican Council at Rome. It was managed 
1869. by the Jesuits. The infallibility of the Pope was 
declared a permanent dogma of Roman Catholicism. This 
was resisted by some of the principal members of the Coun- 
cil, but to no purpose. 

8. The Old Catholics. — Opposition in Germany to the de- 
crees of the Vatican Council took shape in the formation of the 
Old Catholic Church in 1871. Dollinger, Huber, and Fried- 
rich, of Munich, stand at the head of the movement. It is a 
strong protest against the extreme measures and retrogressive 
spirit of Rome, and has already attained the magnitude of a 
schism. The Old Catholics have increased with great rapid- 
ity. There are at present about twenty thousand families of 
this faith already in Germany, which, reckoned at four mem- 
bers to a family, would give a population of eighty thousand. 
There are about seventy priests. In Bonn University there are 
Old Catholic professors engaged in teaching theology. In 
Switzerland the Old Catholics have organized under the name 
of the Swiss Catholic Christian Church, and have submitted 
their constitution to the approval of the Government. It 



Outline History of the Church. 69 

provides for a National Synod to meet annually, and to be com* 
posed of the bishops, the members of the Synodal Council, all 
the Old Catholic priests, and lay delegates. The Synodal 
Council is to consist of nine members, and is to have execu- 
tive functions. The Synod is charged with the election oi 
bishops 

The following is a summary of the principles of the Old Catholics : Repudiation 
of doctrines of Immaculate Conception and Papal Infallibility; modified confes- 
sional, with repudiation of priestly power to forgive sins; faith, not works, the 
means of salvation ; the Holy Scriptures as the primary rule of faith ; rejection 
of the Apocrypha; requirement of preaching in the vulgar tongue; untena- 
bility of merit of saints transferable to others; baptism and the Lord's Supper 
are the chief sacraments ; invocation of the saints not a duty; and indulgences 
can only refer to penalties inflicted by the Church itself. 

Father Hyacinth e does not contend for a separation from 
Roman Catholicism, but for purification of the main body in 
all its members. His auditors have been formally excommu- 
nicated by Pius IX. He is now preaching in Paris. Owing 
to his unwillingness to break with Eome, his influence will 
hardly be appreciable. 

9. Franco ■ German War. — The war between a. d. 
France and Germany resulted in the defeat of France, 1§70. 
and the revival of the German Empire, with William I., king 
of Prussia, as emperor of Germany. The French troops being 
withdrawn from Rome for duty at home, the army of Victor 
Emanuel entered the city. Rome became, in 1871, the capital 
of Italy, and is now open to all Protestant confessions. The 
Scotch Free Church, the British Wesley an, the American 
Methodist Episcopal, and others, have already erected chapels 
and commenced services within the walls. The Bible is free. 

The following statement of Eev. Mateo Prochet, of the Waldensian Church, will 
show very clearly the activity of the Protestant world in prosecuting missionary 
work in Italy, and particularly in Rome: There are seven distinct missions at 
work in Italy, namely : 1. The Methodist Episcopal, from the United State* 
of America. 2. The American Baptists. 3. The English Baptists, t. The 
English Wesleyan Methodists, divided into two districts, North and Sooth. 
5. A portion of the Free Churches, united in an organization called " Chiesa 
Libera," presided over by a committee, whose foremen are Messrs. M'Dougall 
(Scotch) and Gavazzi. 6. The Free Churches which would not unite with Ga- 
vazzi and his friends, and which form a kind of confederation «hiefly, if not 
solely, supported through the instrumentality of Count Guicciardini, of Flor- 
ence. 7. The ancient Italian Church, known by the name of " Chiesa VaMose," 
or Waldensian Church. The total membership of the Mission Churches at 
work in Italy is 4,882, of which number 2,175 belong to the Waldensians. 
They employ one hundred missionary agents as pastors, evangelists, and school- 
teachers. 



70 Outline Histoky of the Church. 



CHAPTER IV. 

CHTJKCH IN THE UNITED STATES. — CHRISTIANITY IN CON 
NECTION WITH REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS. 

A. D. 1607-1880. 

1. Religious Character of American Colonization.— The 

discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, was 
the beginning of an important era in the development oi 
ecclesiastical and religious life. The new land was regarded 
by the defeated and oppressed adherents of various faiths in 
Europe as their only possible home. Not the love of adven- 
ture or gold was the prime cause of the colonization of this 
country, but the love of religious liberty and obedience to 
the conscience. The most of the colonists were religious 
people. The charter of the first colony, Virginia, provided 
that this colony should have a religious character. The Cava- 
liers came to Virginia and, with the Huguenots and German 
Protestants, the Carolinas; the Puritans to Massachusetts; 
the Baptists to Rhode Island ; the Swedes to Delaware and 
New Jersey ; the Roman Catholics to Maryland ; and perse- 
cuted Bohemians and Huguenots to New York. 

The New World famished a new sphere of development for the Christian 
Church. The whole period from 1492 to 1776 was only the planting of 
the seed for the future and real growth. The Ancient Church, from the 
time of Constantine, was subject to the State. The Medimval Church was 
ever contending with the empire for supremacy. The Modern European 
Church is a union of Church and State. The American Church was to be- 
come free from the State, and its history down to the American Revolution is 
a history of its preparation for this decisive change, and for the new era In the 
general progress of Christianity. The New World was from the beginning a 
refuge for Protestantism, though its earliest colonization was under Roman 
Catholic auspices. The Antilles, Central and South America, and Florida, be- 
came subject to Spain and Portugal; Acadia, (Nova Scotia,) Canada, the north- 
ern lake region, and the Mississippi Valley, were under French sway more than a 
century ; but the temperate zone, the heart of the northern continent, was kept 
in reserve for England, Holland, the German emigrants, and the persecuted 
Huguenots. The Spaniards came in armed bands, for conquest ; the English 
In families, to found Churches and States.— Smith, Chronological Tablet oj 
Church History; Parkman, Jesuits in America ; Pioneers of France in the 
New World. 

2. Periods of American Church History.— There are five 
periods in the history of the American Church : a. d. 

First Period, 1607-1600, a time of exten- 160T-1§75. 
sivc revival and religious progress. 



Outline History of the Church. 71 

Second Period, 1660-1720, time of trial; war with ' King 
Philip;" disputes with the English Government; witchcraft; 
general religious decline. 

Third Period, 1720-1750, the season of powerful awaken- 
ings. The great revival under the preaching of Edwards began 
in New England in 1734. It spread throughout the colonies 
through the labors of Whitefield, the Tennents, Blair, Davies, 
and others. 

Fourth Period, 1750-1783, powerful political agitation* 
culmination of conflict with England ; religious prostration ; 
freedom from British rule. During the Revolutionary War 
all the Churches suffered more or less, and for twenty-five 
years thereafter the progress of religion was slow, hindered 
also by the importation of French infidelity. 

Fifth Period, 1873-1875, from the establishment of inde- 
pendence from England to the close of the civil war in 1865, 
and the sixth session of the Evangelical Alliance in 1873. Great 
revivals began with the nineteenth century, and since 1815 
the growth of the Church has kept pace with the population. 
Separation of Church and State in America did not take place 
with the founding of the Government, but was left to the 
legislation of the several States, the bond not fully severed 
In the statute books of some of them until the present cen- 
tury. Massachusetts, in 1833, was the last to declare perfect 
separation of Church and State. 

3. The Virginia Colony.— Protestant Episcopal Church. 
— The founding of the Virginia Colony on James River by 
Captain John Smith and other members of the Established 
Church of England in 1607. The Rev. Robert Hunt is said 
to have preached the first sermon in English on the American 
continent. The colony divided into eleven parishes in 1619. 
The Church of England form of worship prevailed in the col- 
onies south of New England. 

First General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
of the United States in Philadelphia, representing seven 
States, 1785. Prayer Book, published 1786, omitted the Ni- 
cene and Athanasian Creeds, the descent into hell of the credo, 
absolution, and baptismal regeneration, and made bishops 
amenable to the lower clergy. The objections of the English 



72 Outline History of the Church. 

bishops led to a restoration of nearly all the expunged parts, 
except the Athanasian Creed and absolution in visitation oi 
the sick. By special act of Parliament the English bishops 
were enabled to ordain William White, Samuel Provost, and 
Dr. Griffith, February 4, 1787. Ratification of the Thirty- 
nine Articles, 1832. 

4. Reformed Episcopal Church. — Secession of Bishop Cum- 
mins from the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1873, and organ- 
ization in New York, Dec. 2, 1873, of the Reformed Episcopal 
Church, under his leadership. Subsequent ordination by him oi 
Dr. Cheney to the Episcopacy. Reformed Episcopal Churches 
have been established in various parts of our own country and 
the British dominions. This Church had, early in 1875, fifty 
ministers, forty churches, and four thousand communicants. 

The principles of the Reformed Episcopal Church are : Belief in the Bible as 
rule of faith and practice ; in the Apostles 1 and Nicene Creeds ; in the two sac- 
raments of baptism and Lord's supper; in the Thirty-nine Articles of the 
Church of England; in the retention of the Episcopacy, not as necessary, but as 
ancient and desirable; in a Book of Common Prayer free from all Romanizing 
elements; in extemporaneous prayer; in the non-regenerative power of bap- 
tism ; and in tb'; non-observance of saints 1 days. 

5. The Puritans in America. — Congregationalism. — 

Landing of the Puritan pilgrims by the Mayflower at Ply- 
mouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Though coming from England 
originally, they had sailed last from Holland. Another col- 
ony and Church in 1629 at Salem; in 1630 another Church 
at Oharlestown ; colonies from Massachusetts Bay in Connec- 
ticut in 1635; adoption of the Cambridge Platform in 1648. 
The Congregational Church took its rise from the Puritan 
colonists. During the last century it was confined chiefly to 
New England. In 1776 there were about seven hundred 
Congregational Churches, and five hundred and seventy-five 
pastors. The history of American Congregationalism is one 
of great honor. It has taken a prominent part in all public 
movements, and its development has been identical with that 
of the country, tc whose prosperity it has materially con- 
tributed. 

6. Reformed Church.— Until recently, called the Reformed 
Protestant Dutch Church. First settlement in New Neth 
erlands of members of this Church from Holland in 1623. 
Arrival of the first preacher, Jonas Michaelius, in 1628. 



Outline History of the Church. 73 

Great embarrassment of the organization for many years 
because of the use of the Dutch language in worship, and 
connection of the Church in this country with the parent 
Church in Holland. Independent organization effected in 
1771, through the agency of Rev. Dr. J. H. Livingston. Se- 
cession in 1822 of Churches on the score of laxity in doctrine 
and discipline. The seceders took the name of the True Re- 
formed Dutch Church, and now number less than twenty 
congregations. Confession of Dort and the Heidelberg Cate- 
chism, the symbolical books of the Reformed Church. Dis- 
tinguished for its intelligence, interest in education, and 
missionary zeal. 

7. The Baptists.— Founding of the first Baptist Church in 
America by Roger Williams, at Providence, Rhode Island, 
in 1639. Early progress very slow, because of the Baptists 
being persecuted both North and South. They enjoyed no 
freedom except in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Dela- 
ware. The American Revolution marked the beginning of 
great progress, which has been general and steady ever since. 
Minor Baptist Churches : Anti-Mission ; Free- Will ; Seventh- 
Day ; Church of God, or Winebrennarians ; Disciples of Christ, 
or Campbellites ; Tunkers ; Mennonites. 

The Baptists were early distinguished for their advocacy of freedom of con- 
science. In the code of laws established by them in Rhode Island we read, for 
the first time since Christianity ascended the throne of the Caesars, the declara- 
tion that conscience should be free, and men should not be punished for wor 
sniping God in the way they were persuaded he requires.— -Judge: Story. 

8. German Reformed Church. — Organization of this 
Church, 1741. First missionaries sent out by the Church in 
Holland ; and the German Reformed Church remained in con- 
nection with the Dutch Church until 1792. It was made up, 
in the early part of its history, of emigrants from the Pala- 
tinate and Switzerland. The centennial year, 1841, was cel- 
ebrated with great enthusiasm. It is mainly distinguished 
from the Reformed (Dutch) and the French Reformed Churches 
by its use of the German language. 

9. The Lutheran Church.— The first Lutherans in this 
country were in New York; the first pastor, Rev. Jtcob 
Fabricius, 1669; the first church a log hut, 1671. The 
second settlement on the Delaware, 1676. Rev. H. M. Muh- 



74 Outline History of the Churoh. 

lenberg arrived from Germany in 1742. He became the leadei 
of the Lutherans in this country. First Synod, 1748. The 
Lutherans are now most numerous in Pennsylvania and Ohio,, 
and are very vigorous. Their theology is progressive, and is 
shaped by the evangelical theological standards of German 
Lutheranism. The Lutherans are divided into, 1. The strict, 
old Lutherans; 2. The moderate Lutherans of the Pennsyl- 
vania Synod; and, 3. The Evangelical Lutherans of Gettys- 
burgh, (Schmucker.) 

10. The Presbyterians— From 1660 to 1685 three thou- 
sand persons of Presbyterian faith were transported, as slaves, 
during the persecutions in Scotland, to the American col- 
onies. By 1688 many Presbyterian immigrants, especially in 
Eastern Pennsylvania. Rev. Francis M'Kenzie the first Presby- 
terian minister in America. The Presbytery of Philadelphia 
organized in 1706. First General Assembly (John Rodgers, 
Moderator) of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, 
1789. There were then 188 Presbyterian ministers, and 419 
Churches. An attempt to unite all Presbyterians failed. 
Division of the Presbyterian Church in 1838. In St. Louis, 
Missouri, 1866, attempt made to initiate the re-union of the 
Presbyterian Church, (Old and New School.) Consummation 
of the re-union in 1870. 

11. The Methodists in America.— The first Methodist So- 
ciety established in New York by Barbara Heck, Philip 
Embury, and Captain "Webb, 1766; Methodist church built 
in John-street, 1768 ; Richard Boardman and Joseph Pil- 
more arrived from England, 1769. Boardman labored in 
New York, Pilmore in Philadelphia, and Strawbridge in 
Maryland. Wesley sent out to America Francis Asbury and 
Richard Wright, 1771. First Conference held in Philadelphia 
July 4, 1773; 10 preachers, and 1,160 members in the whole 
American Methodist Church. In 1774 there were 17 preach- 
ers and 1,073 members. Division of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church of the United States in 1844 into the Methodist Epis^ 
copal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, on 
question of slavery. Centenary of American Methodism cele- 
brated in 1866 throughout the Church. Contributions amount- 
ing to nearly $8,000,000 were made, chiefly for education. 



Outline History of the Church. 75 

12. The Roman Catholics.— The colony of Maiyland guar- 
anteed to Lord Baltimore (Cacilius Calvert) by special char- 
ter. The first Roman Catholic emigration thither in 1632. 
Settlement of two hundred immigrants at St. Mary's, 1634. 
In Louisiana there was great Catholic progress, chiefly owing 
to immigration from France. Spread of Roman Catholicism 
up the Mississippi. In 1775 there was a total Roman Catholic 
population in the colonies of 24,500. Rapid growth of Ro- 
man Catholicism after the Revolution, owing chiefly to immi- 
gration and Jesuit missions. Episcopal see of Baltimore 
founded, 1789. Multiplication of religious orders, commenc- 
ing in 1790. Beginning of Roman Catholic opposition to 
Bible in public schools in 1840. After close of Civil War 
very zealous proselytism among the freedmen of the South. 
American Roman Catholics represented very fully in the Vati- 
can Council, whose extreme measures received their support. 
The Roman Catholics of the United States reflect the temper 
and methods of European Ultramontanism. 



CHAPTER V. 



MOST RECENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OP THE CHURCH. 
A. D. 1880. 

The distinguishing features of the later religious move- 
ments are: 1. Disposition toward the unity of the various 
Evangelical bodies ; 2. Opposition to Roman Catholicism by 
Protestants of all lands ; 3. Labors for the evangelization of 
the masses ; 4. Missionary activity. 

1. Union and Fraternity. — The plan made in 1872 for 
bringing all Presbyterian bodies into federal relation has been 
in part carried out. The four Presbyterian Churches of Canada 
have been merged into one organization. The English Pres- 
byterians have united, and the number of Scotch Presbyte- 
rian bodies has been diminished. The World's Conference of 
Presbyterians met in Edinburgh in 1877, and was very success- 
ful. Advances have been made by the Northern and South- 
ern Presbyterians for union in one organization. Fraternal 



76 Outline History of the Church. 

intercourse has been opened between the Methodist Episcopal 
Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for the 
first time since the separation of 1844. A Commission, ap- 
pointed by the Baltimore General Conference of the Method- 
ist Episcopal Church, in 1876, met at Cape May in the same 
year, and adopted a plan for further fraternal relations. A 
Commission was also appointed by the Baltimore General Con- 
ference for fraternal relations of all Methodist bodies. The 
union of three Methodist bodies in Canada has been consum- 
mated, forming the "Methodist Church of Canada," with a 
membership of over one hundred thousand persons. In May, 
1878, the Methodist and Methodist Protestant Churches, non- 
Episcopal bodies, united, making a membership of about 
one hundred and ten thousand persons. The Pan- Anglican 
Conference of Bishops of the Church of England and the 
Protestant Episcopal Church met in Lambeth, in 1878. 

2. Roman Catholicism. — Bitter antagonism of the Prussian 
Government to the unpatriotic attitude of the Roman Cath- 
olic population, under the leadership of the bishops. The 
chief manifestation of the antagonism was the Government's 
adoption of the "Falk Laws," which leave to the governor- 
general of a province the duty of deciding upon the qualifi- 
cations of all persons appointed by the bishops. All bishops 
must swear fidelity to the Government, under penalty of fine 
and imprisonment. Pope Pius IX. died in 1878, and was suc- 
ceeded by Leo XIII. The English people have advanced in 
Anti-Roman Catholic sentiment, owing largely to the expos- 
ures by Gladstone of the uniformly unnational character of 
Romanism. In the southern part of the United States the Ro- 
man Catholics have made rapid progress among the Freedmen. 

3. Ritualism. — In England Parliament has passed a Public 
Worship Regulation Act, directed against ritualistic encroach- 
ments. It provides against: 1. Alterations in, or additions 
to, the fabric, ornaments, or furniture of a church, without 
permission of the authorities thereof ; 2. Use of any unlawful 
ornament by the minister ; 3. Neglect to observe the direc- 
tions of the Prayer Book in performance of the rites and cere- 
monies ordered by it. Revs. T. P. Dale and Arthur Tooth 
were suspended for violation of the law. Violent controversy 



Outline History of the Church. T? 

arose in consequence of Tooth's suspension, and the effect has 
been a strong ritualistic party in favor of disestablishment. 

4. Premillennial Coming of Christ. — In 1878 a conven- 
tion was held in New York of those who believe in the premil- 
lennial and personal coming of Christ. Men from the Epis- 
copal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, and other Churches 
participated in the proceedings, and read papers on various 
aspects of the subject. It was declared, by formal resolu- 
tion, that the second coming of Christ is imminent ; that it 
is not necessary that the whole world should be converted to 
Christ before his return, because the Scriptures nowhere de- 
clare such a doctrine. The tone of the religious press was 
opposed to the doctrines of the convention. In the Presby- 
terian Church it has been seriously suggested that those Pres- 
byterians who participated had violated the Standards con- 
cerning the Second Advent, and should be arraigned therefor. 

5. Church Trials. — Several leading preachers in the Scotch 
Church have been tried for propagating skeptical opinions. 
The Rev. F. Ferguson was found guilty by his Presbytery, 
but was pardoned by the Synod. Professor Robertson Smith 
was convicted by the Assembly on some of the specifications, 
and cleared on others. Some Free Churchmen claim the re- 
sult as favorable to rationalistic sentiment. The Scotch Church 
has, through a committee, adopted a "Declaratory Senti- 
ment," softening some parts of the Westminster Confession. 
There were two heresy cases, on appeal, before the Presbyte- 
rian General Assembly during 1878, (Rev. Mr. See and Rev. Mr, 
Miller.) In the case of Mr. See, it was decided that a minis- 
ter of the Church may not permit a woman to teach from his 
pulpit. Mr. Miller was suspended for holding the heresies 
tnat Christ, though God, does not constitute a second person 
in the Trinity, and that in his human nature he inherited the 
corruption of Adam's nature. 

6. Sunday-School Instruction.— The First National Sun- 
day-School Convention was held in New York, October, 1832; 
the second in Philadelphia, 1833 ; the third in Philadelphia, 
t859; the fourth in Newark, N. J., 1869; the fifth in Indian- 
apolis, 1872; the sixth in Baltimore, 1875; the seventh in At- 
lanta, Ga., in 1878. The Rev. Dr. D. P. Kidder was the first 



f8 Outline History op the Church. 

one to recommend, in 1847, the formation of Normal Sunday- 
schools. In 1872 the Rev. Drs. J. H. Vincent and Edward 
Eggleston, and B. F. Jacobs, Esq., agreed upon a system of 
Uniform Lessons, and the National Sunday-School Convention 
of Indianapolis (1872) favored this project, and appointed a 
Committee to select a seven years' series of National Uniform 
Lessons. Thus began the National, and, finally, the Interna- 
tional, System of Sunday-School Instruction. The Chautauqua 
Sunday-School Assembly, which originated with Lewis Mil- 
ler, Esq., and Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent, is a congress of Sun- 
day-school workers, both clerical and lay, who go over every 
department of religious instruction and affiliated topics. The 
Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle — an outgrowth of 
the Assembly — lays down a prescribed course of graded study, 
on which examinations are held, and for which, after comple- 
tion, diplomas are awarded. It has its own text -books. 
Quite an important literature has grown up around this im- 
portant movement, but the greatest value of the remarkable 
agency consists in the impulse toward a deep knowledge of 
religious truth and thorough literary culture which it is im- 
parting to many thousands throughout the land who have not 
had the advantages of collegiate instruction. For details of 
the new development of Sunday-school instruction, we refer 
our readers to Gilbert's " The Lesson System : the Story of 
its Origin and Inauguration." New York. 1879. 

7. Bible Revision. — The Anglo-American Bible Revision 
is the first international and interdenominational effort in the 
history of the translation of the Bible. It began in the Con- 
vocation of Canterbury, May 6, 1870, by the appointment of 
a committee of biblical scholars of the Church of England, 
with power to revise the Authorized Version of 1611, and to 
associate with them representative biblical scholars of other 
denominations. The American Committee was organized in 
1872. Both committees are divided into two companies, one 
for revision of the Old Testament, and the other for the New. 
The English Committee consists of fifty -two members; the 
American, of twenty-seven. The object of the revision is to 
adapt King James' version to the present state of the English 
language, without changing the idiom and the vocabulary. 



Outline Histoby of the Church. 79 

Hence, not a new version, but a revision of the received ver- 
sion, is aimed at. The principles of revision are : To alter as 
little as is consistent with faithfulness the text of the author- 
ized version ; to limit, as far as possible, the expression of such 
alterations to the language of the authorized or earlier versions; 
each company to go twice over the portion to be revised by 
them, once provisionally, the second time finally ; when the 
text adopted differs from that irom which the authorized ver- 
sion was made, the alteration is to be indicated in the margin ; 
the headings of chapters, pages, paragraphs, italics, and punc- 
tuation are to be revised. It is supposed that in ten years 
from the beginning the work of revision will be completed. 
The Rev. Dr. Philip Schaff, President of the American Com- 
mittee, has been the chief agent in organizing the American 
Committee, and in promoting harmonious co-operation be- 
tween the English and American Committees. The members 
of the Committee have published a volume, "Anglo-American 
Bible Revision," for private circulation, in which the most 
important questions involved in the new version are discussed 
in brief. 

8. Revivals. — An extensive revival in Great Britain began 
in 1874, through the labors of Moody and Sankey, (Americans.) 
The churches were too small to accommodate the throngs, and 
services were held in the open air. All denominations shared 
in the good results. The two evangelists returned to Ameri- 
ca, and in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and 
other cities, there was the same marked benefit from their 
labors. 

9. Attacks on and Defense of Evangelical Truth.— 
The Rev. Joseph Cook has delivered lectures for several suc- 
cessive winters, in Boston, on current theological and scientific 
topics, in defense of evangelical truth. They have been ex- 
tensively published and widely read, and have produced a 
great effect in confirming Christian conviction in the entire 
religious population of the country. The bold skepticism of 
Robert Ingersoll — a revival of the gross infidelity of Paine 
— has produced no appreciable effect on the American mind. 

10. Present Condition and Outlook of the Protestant 
Church in America.— The Protestant Church in America is 



80 Outline History of the Church. 

at present very vigorous and aggressive. While certain sec- 
tions indicate some sympathy with the rationalistic tendencies 
of the Continent and the Broad-Church platitudes of England. 
no form of infidelity has ever taken a firm hold on any large 
branch of the Church in this country. Every department of 
ecclesiastical life is full of promise. The Sunday-school, as 
we have seen, has developed to a remarkable degree within 
the last few years, while the literature of religious instruction 
has advanced rapidly, and yet healthily. Missions, foreign and 
domestic, are vigorously supported by the Churches. Educa- 
tion of the masses, not to mention higher instruction, has 
kept pace with the increase of wealth and population. The 
benevolent spirit of the people, never more severely taxed 
than in the last few years, has responded in an unprecedented 
way to the demands of the times. God is leading the Ameri 
can Church, and he has greater things to give his trusting 
children in the coming century than our most active faith has 
yet dared to anticipate. 



CHAPTER VI. 



GENERAL SURVEY OF MISSIONS. 
A. D. 1880. 

This chapter, which takes the place of the briefer one in 
the first edition, has been prepared especially for this work, 
in compliance with the author's request, by Mr. H. K. Carroll, 
of the editorial staff of "The Independent," (New York,)' 
who has made every thing relating to modern missions a 
subject of careful study: — 

1. Early Protestant Missions.— The Protestants of Hol- 
land began to take an interest in foreign missions as early as 
1612, when a seminary to train foreign missionaries was estab- 
lished at Leyden ; and they sent missionaries to Ceylon in 1636, 
and subsequently to Africa, Java, and elsewhere. The Society 
for the Propagation of the Gospel (Anglican) was formed in 
1701, for the especial benefit of the American Colonies. Danisb 
missionaries were sent to India in 1706, and to Greenland in 
1721, and the Moravians began missions in Africa, Ceylon, and 



Outline History of the Church. 81 

Other countries in the decade following 1732. Thus a begin- 
ning had been made long before the rise of the chief missionary 
societies, but it was not until near the close of the eighteenth 
and the opening of the present century that Protestantism en- 
tered earnestly upon its great work of converting the heathen 
world. We do not here speak of Home Missions, or Bible 
Societies, or of the various other agencies which have been 
employed in missionary work. 

2. Rise of Great Societies.— The (English) Baptist Mis- 
sionary Society was organized in 1792; the London Mission- 
ary Society, in 1795; the Church Missionary Society, (Low 
Church, Anglican,) in 1799; the (English) Wesleyan Society, 
in 1800; and the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
eign Missions, in 1810, at Boston. Since 1810 many other and 
strong societies have sprung up, and nearly every denomina- 
tion, however small, has missionaries in some foreign field. 

3. Increase of Zeal for Missions.— In the past fifty years 
there has been great increase of interest in Foreign Missions, 
and vast successes have been achieved. Before 1830 there 
were only about eighteen or twenty societies in Europe and 
America; now we can readily name seventy -five societies en- 
gaged in active work. The aggregate of funds intrusted 
annually to these various societies has increased enormously. 
For example, the receipts of the Church Missionary Society — 
the greatest of all the societies — were in 1830 only $150,310, 
while in 1878 they were about $1,000,000. In the aggregate, 
millions of dollars are expended annually on Foreign Missions, 
showing that the Churches have their heart in the great work 
of converting the world, and are willing to make sacrifices 
for the cause. An army of noble men and women, many of 
whom equal Paul in devotedness, in abundance of labors, 
and in contempt of perils and deprivations, are spread over 
the habitable globe, lifting people up out of heathenism and 
barbarism and ignorance, creating written languages, translat- 
ing the Scriptures, and helping in a multitude of ways to 
advance civilization, commerce, good government, society, 
religion. The chief departments of missionary work are 
chapel, street, and itinerant preaching ; the establishment of 
chapels and preaching places; the organization of schools oi 

5 



82 Outline History of the Church. 

various grades ; zenana work by women among women and 
children ; the making of translations of the Scriptures ; the is- 
suing of religious publications ; and the opening of hospitals. 
4. Some Results of Missions. — The Gospel was first 
preached in Madagascar by missionaries of the London Mis- 
sionary Society in 1818. Their labors, joined chiefly to those 
of the Church and Friends' Societies, have resulted in the 
overthrow of idolatry. The Queen and her Government ac- 
cept Christianity ; and from the capital, by contributions of 
converted Malagasy natives, missionaries have been sent to 
unconverted tribes in distant parts of the island. In 1820 
the American Board began a mission in the Sandwich Islands, 
and in less than half a century of earnest, persistent work a 
nation was redeemed from barbarism. Where there used to 
be only savages there are now Christians, who not only sup- 
port their own Churches, but send missionaries to other isl- 
ands. Wesleyan missionaries introduced Christianity into the 
Fiji Islands in 1835. The Fijians were a most savage and 
degraded people, whose horrible cannibalistic feasts made 
their very name a terror. Christianity, as preached by the 
missionaries of the Wesleyan, London, and one or two other 
societies, have effected a wonderful change among these can- 
nibals. They have given up their old practices, and become 
a Christian nation. Churches and schools succeed the lures 
or temples ; family worship is general ; marriage is sacred ; the 
Sabbath is observed ; and law and order reign. Many thou- 
sands are communicants in the churches, and devoted Fijians 
go to distant islands as missionaries and teachers. Some of 
them have recently fallen victims to the cannibals of New 
Britain. Before 1812 there were no native Christians in Poly- 
nesia. Now there are no less than 340,000, of whom 68,000 
are communicants. 

* 5. Missions in Asia. — India, with its population of two 
hundred and fifty millions, has been a hard but well-worked 
field. From the time of Carey to the present, Protestantism 
has put forth its best efforts in India, and for many years with- 
out much encouragement. All the leading societies, with 
many others, are represented in that country, and large expend- 
itures are made annually on missions, schools, and hospitals. 



Outline History of the Church. 83 

In 1875 there were over 600 ordained foreign missionaries, 
68,689 communicants, and 266,391 native Christians. In 1878 
Indian missions entered upon a new epoch. No less than 
60,000 Hindus in that one year, convinced by the generous 
aid given the famine sufferers that Christianity is a religion 
of love and truth, renounced heathenism, and asked for in- 
struction in the religion of Christ. Many subsequently passed 
the necessary examination, and were baptized. The Society 
for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Church Missionary So- 
ciety, the American Baptist Mission to theTelugus, the Arcot 
Mission of the American Reformed (Dutch) Church, have 
shared chiefly in this large accession. The movement did 
not cease with the close of the year. Dr. Morrison, the first 
Protestant missionary to China, was sent out by the London 
Society in 1807. In China, as in India, missions have gained 
somewhat slowly, but many societies are engaged in the sea- 
board provinces. The China Inland Mission is opening sta- 
tions in remote and interior provinces, and the annual gains 
are increasing. In Japan, missionaries are multiplying year- 
ly, and are meeting with remarkable success. Burmah is the 
field chiefly of the American Baptist Union. It is the field 
to which Judson and Rice went when shut out of India. No 
greater missionary triumphs have been achieved than in this 
kingdom, where the Baptists alone have 20,723 members, in 
438 Churches, with 430 native preachers, and many prosperous 
schools. The missions in Siam, in Formosa, in Persia, and in 
Asia Minor, have also achieved good results. 

The territory of Western Asia has become a very important 
field. Its religious systems are : 1. Mohammedanism ; 2. Semi- 
Paganism, (Druze, Nusairy, Yezidee ;) and, 3. Nominal Chris- 
tianity, or the Oriental Churches. This last group consists of 
six classes: 1. The Monophysite sects, (Armenians, Jacobites, 
Copts, Abyssinians ; ) 2. The Nestorians; 3. The Orthodox 
Greeks; 4. The Maronites; 5. The Oriental Papal sects, 
(Papal Greek, Papal Armenian, Papal Syrian, Papal Nestorian, 
Papal Coptic, and Papal Abyssinian ;) and, 6. The Latins, (a 
small body, attached to the French and Italian monasteries.) 
These sects, (the Oriental Churches,) exclusive of the Greeks 
of Russia and Greece, number 9,586,000 members. 



84 Outline History of the Church. 

6. The Christians in Turkey.— The oppression of the Bul- 
garian Christians in Turkey by their Moslem rulers has cul- 
minated in a successful revolt. The Bulgarians are of the 
Ugro Finnish race, who became Slaves by absorption among 
the latter. They came from the East, appeared in Armenia, 
then on the Volga, then on the Lower Danube, and invaded 
the Greek Empire about the middle of the sixth century. 
They crossed the Danube A. D. 670, and established a king- 
dom extending from the Danube to the south of the Balkans. 
They were converted to Christianity about A. D. 850. The 
kingdom (capital at Tirnova) was conquered by the Turks in 
1390, and absorbed in the Turkish empire. Nearly five cent- 
uries they remained submissive. In 1838 and 1848 they made 
unsuccessful revolts. In May, 1875, they again revolted, and 
Russia, later, came to their relief. The war between Russia 
and Turkey during 1877-78 was one of great bitterness. The 
Turks had the sympathy of the British Government, but the 
opposition of the real conscience of the civilized world. Rus- 
sia was victorious, and her armies rested within sight of the 
Bosphorus. The Berlin Treaty, which was a revision of that 
of San Stefano, secured the substantial fruits of the war 
to the Russians and the now delivered Christians of Turkey. 
Bulgaria was divided into two parts — Bulgaria, and Eastern 
Roumelia. A Council of Notables has elected Alexander of 
Battenberg, Prince of Bulgaria. Both Bulgaria and Eastern 
Roumelia are practically under Russian influence. Their en- 
tire population is about 5, 500, 000, with a territory of 74,400 
square miles, an extent equal to that of the States of Ohio 
and Indiana. American missions, established by the Ameri- 
can Board and the Methodist Episcopal Church, have had 
great influence in bringing about this great deliverance of the 
Christians in Turkey. Robert College, on the Bosphorus, 
founded by an American, has contributed largely to the spread 
of Christian light throughout the Turkish Empire. 

7. African Missions. — On the Western Coast of Africa the 
Moravians were the first in the field, in 1736. In Liberia the 
Methodists have an Annual Conference, and there are impor- 
tant Anglican missions along the Niger. Upward of a dozeD 
societies are at work, the results being several thousand con« 




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Outline History of the Church. 93 

verts, and 200 schools, with more than 20,000 scholars. The 
first mission in South Africa was also of Moravian origin. Four- 
teen or more societies are now laboring there. There are many 
schools, and about 250,000 communicants, including natives. 
The American United Presbyterian Church has important mis- 
sions in Egypt. The greatest mission enterprises are those 
recently begun in Central Africa. The Free Church of Scot- 
land has founded Livingstonia, on Lake Nyassa ; the Church 
of Scotland, Blantyre Station, on the Shire River, south-east 
of Livingstonia ; the Church Missionary Society, a mission in 
Uganda, on Lake Nyanza ; and the London Society, a station 
at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika. The Nyanza, the Tanganyika, 
and the Nyassa missions required no less than $50,000 each 
for a beginning, and the necessary goods were transported a 
great distance "by hundreds of porters. The distance from 
Zanzibar to Lake Nyanza is not less than eight hundred miles, 
and among the things which were carried on this long journey 
was a steamboat for use on the lake. The English Baptist 
Society has projected a mission for the Upper Congo; a 
French mission is soon to be established among the Basutos 
on the Upper Zambesi ; and the Cardiff Livingstone Mission 
(undenominational) is to push into the interior along the 
Congo. The influence of the missions already established 
has greatly checked the slave trade. 

8. Europe and America. — American and British Societies 
carry on missionary work in nearly every Catholic country in 
Europe, and in Greece and Turkey. The American Method- 
ist and Baptist Churches have very successful missions in 
Scandinavia and Germany. The American Board began a 
mission in Constantinople in 1831. The work has gradually 
grown, through various vicissitudes and persecutions, until 
it has spread over both European and Asiatic Turkey. The 
communicants number between 5,000 and 6,000. British So- 
cieties have important missions in British America, in Guiana, 
and in the West Indies ; while American Societies are work- 
ing in various countries of South America and in Mexico, 
where there are several thousand converts. 

9. Missions to Jews. — Several British and Continental 
Societies, organized especially for missions among the Jews, 



94 



Outline History of the Church. 



are carrying on their work, chiefly by schools, with some suc- 
cess, and a few missionary societies have special Jewish mis- 
sions. Not much is done among the Jews of the United 
States, but in Great Britain, in nearly every country of 
Europe, in Egypt, Palestine, Persia, and elsewhere, efforts are 
made for their conversion. It is not known how many con- 
verted Jews there are. Some say 40,000 ; but there are many 
in the ministry of various denominations. 

10. Statistics. — The latest, fullest, and most accurate sta- 
tistics, compiled (at the close of 1879) by Mr. W. H. Larrabee, 
Plainfield, N. J., show that there are now upward of 575,486 
members in connection with foreign missions among the hea- 
then and in Catholic countries. Of this number 147,059 are 
in Asia and the Malay Archipelago ; 153,183 are in Africa and 
Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelles; 74,026 are in the 
South Sea, Sandwich, New Guinea, New Hebrides Islands, and 
among the aborigines of Australia and New Zealand ; 129,010 
are in America and Greenland; and 73,208 are in Europe. 
The total among savages, heathen, and Mohammedan races is 
374,968. The following tables represent the number of native 
Christians in the principal heathen countries : — 



Communicants. 

India 87,854 

China. 16,287 

Ceylon 7,490 

Bunnah 20,811 

Persia 1,221 

Japan 2,006 

Sumatra 2,420 

Turkish Empire. 9,182 

South Africa 57,840 



ConimunlcMiti. 

Madagascar 68,817 

West Africa 25,686 

South Sea Islands 55,878 

Sandwich Islands 14,976 

The New Hebrides 1,820 

In Australia and New Zea- 
land 2,512 

In America, Indians, etc., 
(about) 17,142 



11. Missionary Literature.— Missionary literature is very 
extensive, and large libraries of it are collected without diffi- 
culty. Nearly all the leading societies have histories of their 
operations, and there are many general works, while the books 
on particular missions and countries would make a large cata- 
logue. For minute statistics, see Boyse, " Statistics of Prot- 
estant Missionary Societies, " (London, 1874.) This author has 
added to his work a very excellent Missionary Bibliography, 
(pp. 173-184.) See also " Conference on Foreign Missions," 
John F. Shaw & Co., (London, 1879 ;) Newcomb's " Cyclopadia 



Outline History of the Church. 



95 







£Qethauyv-, 

> Steinkopf /Griq-.ia tonA <^ ^ ]*m ° Plc * 



S.Lucia B, 
rmaritzburg 3,4,7,1I ( 
Portmtal 1,3,4, 



BIJIelsna . 



* > C 6 L N Y^^Maf: A f 

^ CAguDias ' 4i <^ 5 



60U7H 
RICA 

. 100 360 3M 400 



1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. English Church M. S. 8. English Society for the 
Propagation of the Goapel. 4. English "Wesleyan M. S. 5. English London M. 8. 6. English 
Moravian M. S. 7. Scotch Free Church M. S. 8. Scotch United Presbyterian M. S. 9. Berlin 
M. S. 10. Khine M. S. 11. Hermannsburgh M. S. 12. French Evangelical M. S. 18. Nor- 
wegian M. 8 14 Holland Reformed of Natal M. S. 



96 Outline History of the Church 

of Missions," though twenty-three years old, is still of value ; 
and Dr. R. Gnindemann's "Missions- Atlas" (Gotha, 1871) is 
almost indispensable for its maps and information about mis* 
sions. The best recent papers, from any source, on the general 
subject of missions, are to be found in the " Proceedings of the 
Sixth General Conference of the Evangelical Alliance," (New 
York, 1874,) pp. 583-650. The work of Rev. Dr. J. M. Reid, 
" Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church," (New York, 1879,) two volumes, is one of the 
most important contributions made by any author to the 
literature of missions. For the Missionary Maps which we 
here use we are indebted to the courtesy of the Messrs. Har- 
per & Brothers for permission to reduce the maps which they 
have issued in their "Dictionary of Religious Knowledge," 
(New York, 1875,) edited by Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D. 



CHAPTER VII. 

EELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF THE WORLD — A. D. 1880. 
By Prof. A. J. SCHEM. 

The tables of Religious Statistics published in the former 
editions of the Outline of Church History have been found to 
need so mauy emendations and fundamental changes that the 
author has requested Professor A. J. Schem to furnish an en- 
tirely new series. The following chapter, therefore, has been 
prepared by him. Professor Schem has made the study of ec- 
clesiastical statistics a specialty; is recognized, both in Europe 
and America, as the leading authority on this intricate and 
difficult subject ; and has laid down the results of his re- 
searches in the "American Ecclesiastical Year Book," (New 
York, I860;) "The American Ecclesiastical Almanac, "(1868;) 
"The American Ecclesiastical and Educational Almanac," 
(1869;) "Statistical Tables," (fourth edition, April, 1876;) 
" The National American Almanac, " (1864;) "The American 
Year Book and National Register," (1869;) the successive 
volumes of the "American Annual Cyclopaedia," and of the 
"Methodist Quarterly Review," and in numerous articles in 
other religious periodicals. 



Outline History of the Church. 



97 



I. 

GENERAL CREEDS OF THE WORLD. 

The population of the world is religiously distributed very nearly 
in the following proportions : 



1. Christianity 418,000,000 

8. Buddhism 400,000,000 

8. Mohammedanism 215,000,000 

C Brahmanlsm 175,000,000 



5. Judaism 7,000,000 

6. All other forms of relig- 

ious helief 174,000,000 



In Europe, America, Australia, and most of the Polynesian Islands, 
Christianity is the prevailing creed of every State. In Africa, the 
Independent Christian States are Abyssinia, Liberia, Madagascar, and 
the Orange Free State, while Christianity also prevails in the Euro- 
pean colonies. The largest empire in Asia — Russia — is also a Chris- 
tian country. India, the third country in point of extent, is under 
the rule of a Christian government, and so is a large portion of Far- 
ther India. 

The Mohammedan countries in Asia are Turkey, Arabia, Persia, 
Afghanistan, Beloochistan, aud the Khanates of Central Asia; in 
Africa — Morocco, the dependencies of Turkej-, (Egypt, Tunis, Tripoli,) 
and a number of inferior States. But none of the Mohammedan 
countries contains so large a Mohammedan population as British India, 
where the number of Mohammedans amount to 47,000,000. 

Buddhism is the prevailing religion in Farther India, in China, and 
in Japan. In China, Buddhism and the religion of the Tao-sze have 
to a large extent coalesced with the system of Confucius, and it is, 
therefore, said that these three religions have become one. An accu- 
rate statistical classification of the religions of China cannot, con- 
sequently, be made. The Buddhists, however, have the largest num- 
ber of temples. In a like manner Buddhism and Shintoism have 
gradually become thoroughly molded together in Japan. Buddhism 
is still the popular religion of Japan, but of late the government has 
made efforts to restore the predominance of Shintoism. British India 
has, according to the last official census, about 9,300,000 Buddhists. 

Brahmanism is the prevailing religion in British India, and is con- 
fined to British India, and the islands of Bali and Lombok. 

Judaism is represented throughout the civilized world. The fol- 
lowing table gives the number of Jews in the different countries of 
the world, either as given in an official census, (marked *,) or, where 
no religious census is taken, according to careful 



98 



Outline History of the Church. 



STATISTICS OF JUDAISM. 



♦Austro-Hungary 1,375,900 

Belgium 3,000 

♦Denmark 4,300 

♦France r 49,400 

♦Germany 521,600 

Great Britain and Ireland. . . 46,000 

♦Greece 2,600 

♦Italy 35,400 

♦Netherlands 68,000 

Portugal. 3,000 

♦Roumania 400,000 

♦Russia in Europe, (including 

Finland) 2,763,800 

2,000 



Spain 2,000 

♦Sweden and Norway 1,900 

Switzerland ... 7,000 

Turkey in Europe, (including 
Roumelia, Bulgaria, Bos- 
nia, and Herzegovina) 75,000 

Total Europe 5,360,800 



Asiatic Russia 38,000 

Asiatic Turkey 52,000 

Asiatic Eastern Asia 500,000 

Total Asia 590,000 



Total Europe 5,360,800 

Total Asia 590,000 

Total Africa 600,000 

Total America 500,000 

Australia and Polynesia 10,000 

Grand Total 7,060,800 



n. 

GENERAL STATISTICS OP CHRISTIANITY. 

It is common to divide the Christian Churches into three groups : 

1. The Roman Catholic Church. — This Church is apparently one or- 
ganization, and the recognition of the Pope as the head of the entire 
Church is an article of faith. The so-called Jansenists of Holland, 
(about 5,000,) and the Old Catholics of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 
France, and other countries, (about 200,000,) claim to belong to the 
Roman Catholic Church, but are not recognized by the Pope. 

2. The Eastern or Oriental Churches. — This group embraces the fol- 
lowing denominations : The Greek Church, the Armenian Church, the 
Nestorians. the Jacobites, the Christians of St. Thomas, the Copts, 
and the Abyssinians. All of them recognize tho first (Ecumenical 
Council of Nice, and have bishops for whom they claim an apostolic 
succession. 

3. The Protestant Churches. — All the Churches not belonging to one 
of the two preceding groups are generally comprised under the col- 
lective name of Protestants. There are parties in some of the de- 
nominations classed under this head which protest against the appli- 
cation of this name to them. A large portion of the Church of En- 
gland and the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States would 



Outline History of the Church. 



99 



prefer to be classed with the Churches of the second group as Epis- 
copal Churches, rather than with the Churches of the third group. 
If the division into three groups, as given above, is accepted, the 
population connected with each of these groups may be estimated 
about as follows : 

Total Population. 
Coonteibs. (All Creeds, Christian Protest- Roman Eastern 

and Pagan.) ants. Catholics. Churches. 

America 93,657,000 41,858,000 48,538,000 10,000 

Europe 312,398,000 75,911,000 152,382,000 70,880,000 

Asia 831,000,000 2,753,000 7,328,000 9,241,000 

Africa 205,220,000 1,092,000 2,153,000 3,200,000 

Australia and Polynesia... 4,776,000 2,298,000 702,000 

Total 1,447,049,000 123,910,000 211,103,000 83,831,000 



HI. 



SPECIAL STATISTICS OP CHRISTIANITY. 



1. America. 



CoaiOKira. 

United States 

Mexico 

Central American Republics 

Columbia 

Venezuela 

Ecuador 

Peru 

Bolivia 

Chili 

Brazil 

Argentine Republic 

Paraguay 

Uruguay 

Hayti 

San Domingo 

British North America— (Dominion of 
Canada, Newfoundland, Bermudas, 
British Honduras). . 

Other British Possessions— (West Di- 
dles, Guiana, Falkland Islands).... 

Danish Possessions 

French Possessions 

Spanish Possessions 

Dutch Possessions 

Patagonia 



Total 
Population. 

46,321,000 
9,276,000 



3,050,000 

1,784,000 

1,066,000 

3,000,009 

2,000,000 

2,334,000 

11,108,000 

1,812,000 

294,000 

440,000 

550,000 

250,000 



Protest- 
ants. 

38,621,000 
10,000 
2,000 
10,000 
3,000 



1,312,000 

38,000 

373,000 

2,080,000 

110,000 

24,000 



2,000 

20,000 
50,000 
20,000 

3.000 
10,000 
1,000 



Roman Eastern 

Catholics. Churches, 

6,500,000 10,000 

9,260,000 

2,460,000 

2,940,000 

1,780,000 

946,000 
2,690,000 
2,000,000 
2,270,000 
10,000,000 
1,720,000 

294,000 

435,000 

540,000 

249,000 



3,973,000 2,132,000 1,600,000 



900 t 000 800,000 

13,000 25,000 

3,000 370,000 

2,000 2,040,000 

56,000 49,000 



Total. 



93,657,000 41,858,000 48,538,000 10,000 



L.efC. 



Protest- Roman Eat tern 

ants. Catholics. Churches. 



100 Outline History of the Church. 

2. Europe. 

States. 

Austro-Hungary (including Lichtenstein) . . 3,725,000 

Belgium 20,000 

Denmark (including dependencies) 2,037,000 

France 592,000 

Germany 26,820,000 

Great Britain and Ireland (including Malta, 

Gibraltar, and Heligoland) 27,654,000 

Greece 

Italy (including Monaco and San Marino). . 60,000 

Netherlands (including Luxemburg) 2,406,000 

Portugal (including Azores) 2,000 

Roumania 14,000 

Russia (including Finland) 4,622,000 

Servla 1,000 

Spain (including Andorra) 10,000 

Sweden and Norway 6,289,000 

Switzerland 1,649,000 

Turkey, (including Roumelia, Bulgaria, 10,000 

Bosnia, and Herzegovina) 

Total 75,911,000 152,382,000 70,880,000 

3. ASIA. 

Russia 14,000 51,000 5,941,000 

Turkey 10,000 260,000 3,000,000 

Persia 3,000 10,000 50,000 

China 50,000 483,000 

Japan 4,000 20,000 

Anam 480,000 

Burmah 5,000 

Siam 2,000 25,000 

British Possessions (including Missions in 

neighboring countries) 2,600,000 1,264,000 800,000 

French Possessions 300,000 

Spanish Possessions 4,000,000 

Portuguese Possessions 350,000 

Dutch Possessions 170,000 80,000 ...... 



28,975,000 


3,200,00C 


5,300,000 




2,000 




36,174,000 




15,371,000 




6,809,000 




12,000 


1,442,000 


27,629,000 




1,644,000 




4,817,000 




120,000 


4,800,000 


7,904,000 


57,114,000 


5,000 


1,637,000 


16,535,000 




1,000 




1,134,000 




320,000 


3,107,000 


180,000 


580,000 



Total 2,753,000 7,328,000 9,241,000 

4. Africa. 
British Possessions (including Missions in 

neighboring native States) 700,000 182,000 ..... 

French Possessions 10,000 370,000 

Portuguese Possessions 1,204,000 

Spanish Possessions 320,000 

Egypt 2,000 28,000 200,000 

Abyssinia (inc. Mission among the Gallas.) 10,000 8,000,000 

Liberia 30,000 

Morocco 1,000 



Outline History of the Church. 10 J 



States. 

Tunis and Tripolis. 



Orange Free State. 
Total 



Catholics. 

18,000 
20,000 



Eastern 

Churches, 



300,000 
50,000 

1,092,000 2,153,000 3,200,000 



5. AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA. 



British Possessions. . 
French Possessions . 
Spanish Possessions. 

Hawaii Island 

Other Islands 



Total. 



Total 
Population. 


Protest- 
ants. 


Roman 
Catholics. 


2,781,000 


2,072,000 


617,000 


97,000 


18,000 


39,000 


36,000 




7,000 


57,000 


34,000 


23,000 


1,805,000 


172,000 


16,000 


4,776,000 


2,296,000 


702,000 



IV. 

DENOMINATIONAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Revised for New Edition of " Outlines of Church History." 

A. Protestants. (Adult Members.) 



Denominations. Members. 

Adventists 30,000 

" Seventh Day 14,141 

3, Regular 2,102,034 

75,686 
40,000 
2,000 
40,000 
60,000 
7,446 
57,000 
40,000 
30,000 



Denominations. 

Methodist Colored Church. . . 

' ' Cong'l & Independ't 

" Primitive 

" Free 

" American Wesleyau 

Moravian 

New Jerusalem 

Presbyterian Church 

" " (South).. 

11 " United.. 

44 Cumberland. 

'• Reformed Synod. 

" General Synod... 

44 Ass. Ref. Syn. of South 
Protestant Episcopal 

" " Reformed 

Reformed Church, (Dutch) . . 

" " (German). 

Shakers 

United Brethren in Christ. . . 

Unitarians 

113,405 J universalists 

214,808 



Free Will 

Other Free 

Six Principles 

Anti-Mission 

German, (Tunkers) 

Seventh Day 

Christian Connection 

Christian Union 

Church of God 

Congregationalists 375,654 

Disciples, (Campbellites) 350,000 

Evangelical Association 107,732 

" Synod of the West. 40,000 

Friends 70,000 

Lutherans 694,426 

Mennonites 50,000 

M E. Church, (North) 1,696,837 

M. E. Church, (South) 795,099 

Methodist Protestant Church. 
*■ African Episcopal.. 
44 African Epls'l Zlon 190,900 

B. Roman Catholics. 
Total Roman Catholic Population 

C. 

Jews, (Total Population).... 500,000 | Mormons, (Total Population) 



Members. 

112,300 
12,550 
3,210 
10,682 
25,000 
16,236 
19,000 

574,486 

116,755 
80,692 

104,974 
10,093 
5,700 
6,740 

324,995 
10,000 
80,288 

147,788 
6,000 

154,796 
30,905 
37,965 



Total. 



6,143,222 
90,000 



INDEX. 



Adoptian Controversy, the Page 40 

Africa, missions in 84 

Alaric plunders Rome.. 81 

Albigenses, the, excommunication of. 45 
Alcuin, teacher of Charlemagne, birth 

of. 89 

Alexandria, school of, Clement at the 

head of the 28 

Alfred the Great, birth of 41 

reign of 41 

Alliance between Charles V., and Pope 
Leo X., for suppression of Prot- 
estantism 55 

America, Missions in 85 

American Church History, the four 

periods of 70 

American Colonization, religious char- 
acter of 70 

its freedom from State Church- 
ism 70 

Anglo-Saxons, conversion of the 39 

Anti-Roman Catholicism, increase of 

among Protestants 76 

Antoninus Pius, mild reign of 21 

Apologists, list of 16 

Aquinas, Thomas, teachings of 48 

Arcadius, Emperor in the East 81 

Arianism, rise of 28 

decline and fall of 80 

Arminius, James, birth, acts, and 

death of 57 

Arnold of Brescia, protests against 

papal encroachments 42, 45 

Aurelius, Marcus, persecutions under 21 
Baptists — their first Church organized 

at Providence, R. 1 73 

Bardesanes, apostasy of 22 

Basilides, his theory of creation . 15 

Bede, translates John's Gospel into 

Saxon 89 

death of. 39 

Bible Revision, notice of 78 

Buddhism, where prevalent 94 

Calamities, public, attributed to Chris- 
tians 21 

Canon of Scripture, collection of 16 

Carpocrates, his denial of Christ's orig- 
inal purity 15 

Carthage, Church of, prominent, ..... 23 
Cathari, the, Lateran Councils declare 

against 45 

Celsus, notice of 21 

Cerdon, teaching of 15 

Charlemagne, reign of. 40 

Chautauqua S. S. Assembly, origin 

and aims of 78 

Chilian, preaching of, among the 

Pranks 39 

Christ, Controversy on the natures of. 81 
Christ, premillennial coming of 77 



Christianity and Paganism, conflict 

between Page 22 

Christianity and the Empire. 29 

Christianity, general statistics of 98 

Roman Catholic, Eastern, Prot 

estant 98 

Christianity, special statistics of. ... , 99 
denominational statistics of.. . . . 101 

Christianity, toleration of 28 

spread of. 29 

Christianity, where prevalent 97 

Christians, character of the religious 

life of 80 

Christians, the early, life and worship 

of. 18 

Church buildings for worship, first 

traces of. 22 

Church Councils, ordinary ministers 

and laymen members of. 24 

Church Fathers, tables of, to Council 

ofNice 26 

Church, the, definition of the term ... 11 
established by Christ himself ... 11 
history of, what constitutes the.. 11 

increase of. 11 

persecutions of, at Jerusalem 11 

spiritual endowment of, at Pen- 
tecost 11 

Clement at the head of the school in 

Alexandria 28 

Clergy, celibacy of the, supported by 

Justinian 82 

Columba christianizes the Scots 82 

Congregational Church, origin of . . . . 72 
Constantinople captured by the Turks 48 
Constantins, Chlorus, father of the 

Emperor 26 

Constantius, Emperor 26 

reported vision of . . , 26 

death of 29 

Controversies in the Church, early ex- 
istence of 14 

Cook, Rev. Joseph, lectures of, noticed 79 
Councils during the fifteenth century 49 
Creeds, (general religious) of the 

world 97 

Creeds, the Apostles' and Nicene.... 80 
Crimean War, the, a great blunder... 61 

Crusades, cause of the 48 

order of the several 48 

benefits of the 14 

Cyprian, religious experience of 30 

Decius, Emperor, severe persecutions 

under 24 

death of 24 

Deists, English, notice of leading.... 59 

authors of the, replies to 59 

Dort, Synod of 57 

Easter, controversy respecting time 
of keeping 22 



Index. 



103 



Eastern empire, termination of. Page 48 
English Church history, pre-Norman 

periods of 41 

Europe, missions in 85 

Evangelical Alliance, the, doctrinal 

basis of 67 

Evangelical truth, attacks on, and de- 
fense of 79 

Fabianns, Bishop of Rome, martyrdom 

of 24 

Fasts, when and how kept 18 

Felicitas, martyrdom of 13 

Ferguson, Kev. F., trial of, for skep- 
ticism 77 

Fiance, fraternal letter from, to Chris- 
tians in Asia Minor 22 

persecutions in, incidents of. 22 

Fraternity, increase of the spirit of, 

among Protestant Churches... 75 
French Revolution, some remote re- 
sults of . . 61 

Gallienus, Emperor, protects Chris- 
tians 25 

Gauls, extensive conversion of the. . . 89 

Genseric conquers Rome 31 

German Empire, revival of the 69 

German Reformed Church, organiza- 
tion of 78 

Gnosticism, what 14 

Gordian, Emperor, peaceful reign of. 24 

Gospel, the, rapid spread of. 41 

zeal in promulgating 14 

Gregory the Great, popedom of. .... . 34 

Guelphs and Ghibellines, struggle be- 
tween the 42 

Heliogabalus, Emperor 24 

Henry IV. of Germany, quarrel of, 

with Pope Gregory VII 42 

Heresies and sects of the first three 

centuries 27 

Hildebrand, (Pope Gregory VII.,) 

reign of 42 

Holy Alliance, formation of a, at 

Nuremberg 55 

Eonorius, Emperor in the West 81 

Huguenots, persecution of the 57 

Hues, John, birth, a/jts, and martyr- 
dom of. 46 

Hussite war, the, in Bohemia, cause of 46 
Ignatius, writings and martyrdom of. 16 

Inquisition, the, beginning of 47 

Irving, Edward!, sketch of 67 

Irvingites, the, sect of 67 

Jerusalem, the destruction of 13 

Jesuits, the, organization, objects, and 

creed of 55 

Jewish War, the beginning of 13 

Jews, how scatteredltnd classified. . . 94 

•Jews, mission to the 85 

John, the apostle, banishment of, to 

Patmcs 18 

k death of. 13 

Jovian succeeds Julian 29 

Julian the Apostate, coronation of. . . 29 

Justinian I., Emperor, reign of 82 

destroys the remnants of Pagan- 



Leo the Great, reign of. Page 18 

Lord's Supper, the, when oleerved.. 13 

Love-feasts, when celebrated 18 

Loyola, Ignatius, founds the Order of 

Jesus 55 

Lydia, conversion of 21 

Lyons, Council of, reduces the mendi- 
cant orders to four , 47 

Lutheran Church, first organization. 78 

Marcion, belief of 15 

Martyr, Justin, martyrdom of 21 

Martyrs' graves, visitation of 2J 

Maximinus, Emperor, inaugurates a 

partial persecution 24 

Mendicant orders, immense growth of 47 
reduced by the Council of Lyons 

to four 47 

Methodist Episcopal Church, sketch 

of the 74 

Middle Ages, beginning, duration, and 

chief even ts of the so-called 89 

Miller, Rev. Mr.,(Presb. Church,) sus- 
pension of 77 

Missionary literature 86 

Missionary Societies, rise of the great 81 

Missions, early Protestant 80 

Missions, Foreign — Dutch, Danish, 

Romish 60 

Missions in Asia 82 

Missions, increase of zeal for, during 

fifty years 81 

large increase of money and la- 
borers 81 

Missions, some results of 82 

Mohammed, birth and death of 32 

Mohammedanism present position of 83 
Mohammedanism, where prevalent.. 97 
Mohammedans, power of the, arrested 

by Martel 32 

Monasticism, rise of 24 

great increase of 29 

Monastic rules, establishment of 82 

Monothelite Controversy, the 39 

Montanists, opinions of the 15 

Moravian Church, the, formation of. . 46 

Mystics, the, account of 46 

Nantes, Edict of 57 

Neoplatonism. what 23 

Nicene Council, the 28 

Norman Conquest, of England 42 

Old Catholic Church, the 68 

Ophites, the, notice of 15 

Ordination of Bishops White, Provost, 

Griffith 72 

Origen, head of school at Alexandria 23 
Pagans, adherents of the ancient faith 

first so called 29 

Papacy, at its height, in 1270 44 

great schism in, 1309-1877 48 

Papal encroachments, protested 

against by Arnold of Brescia. . 42 

Papal pretentions, increase of, 41 

Paul, first missionary journey of. 12 

second missionary journey of.. . . 12 
third missionary journey of. ... . 12 
his arrest at Jerusalem, and ap- 
peal to Cassar 18 



104 



Index. 



Paul at Mars' H11L Page 12 

atCorinth 12 

imprisonment of, at Cesarea, and 

voyage to Eome 12 

a prisoner at Eome two years. . . 12 
Paul, Hermit of Thebes, withdraws 

to the deserts of Egypt 24 

Pelagianism, teachings of 81 

condemned 81 

Pelagius opposed by Augustine. 81 

Pepin, King of the Franks, reign of. 40 

Perpetua, martyrdom of 23 

Persecution of the Church, at Jerusa- 
lem 11 

under Nero 12 

under Domitian 18 

under Trajan 16 

under Marcus Aurelius 21 

under Commodus 28 

under Septimus Severus 23 

under Decius 24 

under Diocletian 25 

Persecutions, tables of 26 

Pietism, founded by Spener 69 

Polycarp, martyrdom of 21 

Pope, Bishop of Eome beginning to be 

so called 32 

Prayer, book of, published, 1786 71 

Presbyterian Church, sketch of the.. 74 

Priestly aristocracy, increase of 23 

Protestant Church, outlook of the 79 

Protestant Episcopal Church, first 

convention of. 71 

Prussia, State Church of 67 

Turgatory, doctrine of, taught at be- 
ginning of fifth century 30 

first traces of doctrine of. 24 

Puritan pilgrims, landing of 72 

Puritans, the English, views of 56 

Rationalism, German, definition of. . . 61 

some leaders of 62 

Eationalists, authors of replies to.. . 62 

Eeformation, causes leading to the.. . 49 

Beforraation, the, rapid spread of. . . 55 

the English, cause and results of. 56 

Reformed Church, history of 72 

Reformed Episcopal Church, organ- 
ized 1873 72 

doctrinal beliefs of the 72 

Reformers, English, some leading 56 

Reformers, German, sketches of the. . 49 

Swiss, sketches of the 50 

Revivals, labors of Moody and 8ankey 79 

Ritualism, decisions against 76 

Roman Catholicism, later history of. 68 
Roman Catholic Church in America, 

sketch of 75 

Roman Emperors, tables of, by cent- 
uries 33 

Roman See, extension of the power of 30 

Rome, Conquest of, by Belisarius 32 

Rome, Conquest of, by Genseric 31 

Rome, measures of defense and exten- 
sion 58 

Rome, plundered by Alaric 31 

Ruric founding of Russian monarchy 
by 41 



Sabellians, the, beliefs of Page 25 

Saturninus, belief of 15 

Savonarola, Jerome, influenoe and 

martyrdom of 46 

Saul of Tarsus, conversion of 11 

Schism, the, between the Eastern and 

Western Churches 41 

Schmalkaldio War, the, termination of 55 
Scholasticism, lise and dogmas of.. 48 

Scotists, who and what 48 

Scots, the, Christianized by Columba 32 

Scotus, Duns, teachings of. 48 

Scriptures, Latin translation of the, 

improved 80 

Sects, heretical, found in first century 

of Christian era 14 

Judaizing 16 

See, Rev. Mr., (Presbyterian Church,) 

trial of 77 

Semler, the real founder of German 

Rationalism 61 

Severus, Alexander, Emperor, favors 

Christianity 24 

Singing, choral, introduced by Am- 
brose 80 

Smith, Prof. RobertsoD, trial of. 77 

Spener, the founder of Pietism 59 

Statistics, missionary 86 

Stephen, martyrdom of 11 

Sunday-School Conventions 77 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, notice of. 59 

Tertullian, head of the Carthagenian 

Church 23 

Theodore, Bishop of Rome, assumes 

the title of Sovereign Pontiff. . 89 

Theodosius the Great 80 

death of. 81 

Thirty Tears' War, the 58 

Thomists, who and what 48 

Tractarian movement, the, in En- 
gland 67 

Trent, Council of, noticed 55 

Turkey, Christians in 84 

Turks, the, capture Constantinople, 

1453 48 

Valentinus, teaching of 15 

Valentinian I., universal toleration 

under 29 

Valerian, Emperor, aims to destroy 

Christianity 25 

Virginia, Colony of, founded 1607. ... 71 
Form of worship, Church of En- 
gland 71 

Waldenses, the, origin, doctrines, and 

successes of 45 

Wesley, John, sketch of. 60 

Western Roman Empire, downfall of. 32 
Westminster Confession, softening of 

the, by Scotch Church 77 

Wiclif, John, birth, doings, and death 

of. 46 

Winfred, preaching of in Thuringia 

and Hesse 89 

consecrated Archbishop of Rome 39 
Wiilibrord, preaches to the Dutch 

and Frisians 39 

Zinzendorf, Count, sketch of 60 



JUL 1 1903 



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